# Advancing Exoskeleton Development: Validation of a Robotic Surrogate to Measure Tibial Strain

## TL;DR

Researchers developed a robotic leg to study how ankle devices affect tibial strain, aiming to prevent bone stress injuries in athletes and military recruits.

## Contribution

A novel actuated robotic surrogate leg was created to measure tibial strain under different orthosis conditions.

## Key findings

- Strain measurements were highly repeatable across tests.
- Ankle–foot orthosis stiffness did not systematically affect tibial load.
- Results did not consistently match in vivo data when scaled.

## Abstract

Bone stress injuries are prevalent among athletes and military recruits and can significantly compromise training schedules. The development of an ankle–foot orthosis to reduce tibial load and enable a faster return to activity will require new device testing methodologies capable of capturing the contribution of muscular force on tibial strain. Thus, an actuated robotic surrogate leg was developed to explore how tibial strain changes with different ankle–foot orthosis conditions. The purpose of this work was to assess the reliability, scalability, and behavior of the surrogate. A dual actuation system consisting of a Bowden cable and a vertical load applied to the femur via a material testing system, replicated the action-reaction of the Achilles-soleus complex. Maximum and minimum principal strain, maximum shear strain, and axial strain were measured by instrumented strain gauges at five locations on the tibia. Strains were highly repeatable across tests but did not consistently match in vivo data when scaled. However, the stiffness of the ankle–foot orthosis strut did not systematically affect tibial load, which is consistent with in vivo findings. Future work will involve improving the scalability of the results to match in vivo data and using the surrogate to inform exoskeletal designs for bone stress injuries.