# Assessment and comparison of quality of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Kenya

## TL;DR

This study found that more low-quality hand sanitizers were produced in Kenya during the pandemic, raising concerns about microbial resistance.

## Contribution

The study compares the quality of alcohol-based hand sanitizers before and during the pandemic in Kenya, revealing increased substandard products.

## Key findings

- 27.8% of peri-pandemic sanitizers had less than 90% bactericidal reduction activity, compared to 12.5% pre-pandemic.
- Only 25% of peri-pandemic ABHRs met the alcohol content standards, and 20% were adulterated with methanol.
- No correlation was found between alcohol content and sanitizer efficacy.

## Abstract

Background: In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization recommended the use of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) to curb transmission, leading to increased production and use. This has posed a danger of production and use of poor-quality ABHRs.

Methods: This study assessed and compared the quality of ABHRs in the Kenyan market that were produced before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Quality testing was carried out against European EN 1500:2013 and Kenyan EAS 789:2013 Standards.

Results: The study found that 27.8% of the peri-pandemic sanitizers had less than 90% bactericidal reduction activity as compared to 12.5% manufactured pre-pandemic. Only 25% peri-pandemic ABHRs met the EAS 789:2013 acceptable limit of over 60% alcohol content. Product adulteration with methanol was found in 20 % of the samples with only 5% complying with FDA approval limit of <0.063% v/v methanol. Study found no correlation between the total alcohol content and the efficacy of ABHRs.

Conclusions: The study found that more substandard products were produced during the pandemic. This raises a concern about possible emergence of alcohol resistant strains of microorganisms. The study therefore recommends an adequate quality monitoring system to curb against substandard products.