# The influence of gender and sport on popliteal angle and dorsiflexion in junior high school students

## TL;DR

This study found that girls aged 13-15 have more flexible hamstrings than boys, as measured by the popliteal angle, but no gender differences were found in foot dorsiflexion.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into gender-related hamstring flexibility differences in junior high school students.

## Key findings

- Girls had significantly lower popliteal angles (more flexible hamstrings) than boys.
- No gender differences were found in foot dorsiflexion measurements.
- PE curriculum intensity did not affect flexibility measurements.

## Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess factors affecting the popliteal angle and foot dorsiflexion, in particular gender. The subjects were 142 students from the 2nd and 3rd year of Poznań junior high schools.

The participants included 57 girls and 87 boys. Three raters examined each subject: a specialist in orthopaedics, a resident doctor and a physical therapy student.

Foot dorsal flexion was tested in a supine position with lower limbs extended. Next, dorsal flexion was evaluated with the knee and hip in 90 degrees of flexion. Finally, a passive knee extension (PKE) test was carried out. The significance of the PKE test is that the lower the angle the more flexible the hamstrings. This is because the PKE measurement is the distance to the right angle, that is a full knee extension with the hip flexed.

The non-parametric test (Mann–Whitney) and the Student’s t-test showed differences between the female and male gender in the measurements of the popliteal angle (p < .05000). The correlation was negative, which means that the hamstrings are more flexible in girls. No differences were found between gender and passive foot dorsiflexion and dorsiflexion with a flexed hip and knee. No differences were found between the group with the extended PE curriculum and the group with the standard number of PE classes in the range of motion of foot dorsiflexion and the value of the popliteal angle.

Girls between 13 and 15 years old have a significantly larger hamstring flexibility, which is confirmed by the tests of the popliteal angle. No differences were found in dorsiflexion between girls and boys who have not been trained using a training model.