# GWO-Based Joint Optimization of Millimeter-Wave System and Multilayer Perceptron for Archaeological Application

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new optimization method to reduce sensors in a radar system for classifying pottery shards in archaeology, improving efficiency and accuracy.

## Contribution

A novel CBTGWO algorithm is introduced for joint sensor selection and classification in archaeological radar systems.

## Key findings

- CBTGWO reduces the number of sensors to 1 with 0% false recognition rate using 7 frequencies.
- In single-frequency scenarios, CBTGWO selects 2 sensors with 2% false recognition rate and 3.2 s acquisition time.
- CBTGWO outperforms GWO and adaptive mixed GWO in acquisition time.

## Abstract

Recently, low THz radar-based measurement and classification for archaeology emerged as a new imaging modality. In this paper, we investigate the classification of pottery shards, a key enabler to understand how the agriculture was introduced from the Fertile Crescent to Europe. Our purpose is to jointly design the measuring radar system and the classification neural network, seeking the maximal compactness and the minimal cost, both directly related to the number of sensors. We aim to select the least possible number of sensors and place them adequately, while minimizing the false recognition rate. For this, we propose a novel version of the Binary Grey Wolf Optimizer, designed to reduce the number of sensors, and a Ternary Grey Wolf Optimizer. Together with the Continuous Grey Wolf Optimizer, they yield the CBTGWO (Continuous Binary Ternary Grey Wolf Optimizer). Working with 7 frequencies and starting with 37 sensors, the CBTGWO selects a single sensor and yields a 0-valued false recognition rate. In a single-frequency scenario, starting with 217 sensors, the CBTGWO selects 2 sensors. The false recognition rate is 2%. The acquisition time is 3.2 s, outperforming the GWO and adaptive mixed GWO, which yield 86.4 and 396.6 s.