# Approaches in Managing Resistant Hypertension: A Review

## TL;DR

This paper reviews treatment strategies for resistant hypertension in India, emphasizing drug combinations and patient management.

## Contribution

The paper provides updated pharmacological approaches and emphasizes the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing resistant hypertension.

## Key findings

- Resistant hypertension affects around 23 million adults in India, with low treatment and control rates.
- SGLT2 inhibitors may help manage resistant hypertension by offering renal and cardiovascular benefits.
- Patient education and monitoring tools are crucial for improving treatment outcomes.

## Abstract

In India, around 234 million adults (one in three) suffer from hypertension (HTN). An average of 10% of these cases are likely to be resistant hypertension (RH). This load of 23 million patients is expected to expand further with revisions in diagnostic criteria. The treatment and control rates of hypertension in India average around 30% and 15%, respectively.

Pharmacological management involves a stepwise approach starting with optimizing the A-C-D (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and thiazide-like diuretics) triple-drug combination, followed by substitution with a thiazide-like diuretic and use of spironolactone as a next step (fourth drug). The subsequent steps are suggestions based on expert input and must be individualized. These include using a β-blocker as the fifth drug and an α1-blocker or a peripheral vasodilator as a final option when target blood pressure (BP) values are not achieved. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are likely to be helpful in managing RH due to their renal and cardiovascular protection as well as mortality benefits. SGLT2i lowers BP independent of the dosage and concomitant anti-hypertensive medications. Patient education and tools to monitor BP and treatment compliance will improve outcomes with these medications.

In addition to therapeutic intervention, a preventive approach for RH mandates a need to identify patients at risk and use appropriate preventive and optimal therapy to prevent uncontrolled hypertension in patients with cardiovascular disorders.