# A Comprehensive Review on Biofilms in Otorhinolaryngology: Understanding the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies

## TL;DR

This paper reviews biofilms in ear, nose, and throat diseases, focusing on their role in chronic infections and treatment challenges.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of biofilm-related pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment in otorhinolaryngology.

## Key findings

- Biofilms contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and tonsillitis by causing treatment resistance.
- Current diagnostic methods include imaging, cultures, and molecular techniques, with emerging technologies being explored.
- Alternative therapies like biofilm disruptors and phage therapy show promise in treating biofilm-associated infections.

## Abstract

Biofilms, structured communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix, pose significant challenges in otorhinolaryngology due to their role in chronic and recurrent infections affecting the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) region. This review provides an overview of biofilms, emphasizing their formation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies in otorhinolaryngological disorders. Biofilms are pivotal in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), otitis media, laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), and tonsillitis, contributing to treatment resistance and disease recurrence. Current diagnostic techniques, including imaging modalities, microbiological cultures, and molecular techniques, are discussed, alongside emerging technologies. Treatment strategies, ranging from conventional antibiotics to alternative therapies, such as biofilm disruptors, phage therapy, and immunomodulation, are evaluated in terms of their efficacy and potential clinical applications. The review underscores the significance of understanding biofilms in otorhinolaryngology and highlights the need for tailored approaches to diagnosis and management to improve patient outcomes.