# The relevance of outcome expectations in group hypnosis for stress reduction: a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

## TL;DR

This study found that people's expectations about hypnosis did not affect how much their stress decreased after a group hypnosis program.

## Contribution

The study is one of the few to investigate the role of outcome expectations in hypnosis for stress reduction.

## Key findings

- Outcome expectations to hypnosis were not associated with reduced perceived stress after 5 weeks.
- Both unadjusted and adjusted analyses showed no significant relationship between expectations and stress change.
- The beneficial effects of hypnosis may be driven by mechanisms other than outcome expectations.

## Abstract

There is evidence that patients’ positive outcome expectations prior to study interventions are associated with better treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, to date, only few studies have investigated whether individual outcome expectations affect treatment outcomes in hypnosis.

To examine whether outcome expectations to hypnosis prior to starting treatment were able to predict perceived stress, as measured on a visual analog scale (VAS), after 5 weeks.

We performed a secondary data analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of intervention group participants only. Study participants with stress symptoms were randomized to 5 weekly sessions of a group hypnosis program for stress reduction and improved stress coping, plus 5 hypnosis audio recordings for further individual practice at home, as well as an educational booklet on coping with stress. Perceived stress for the following week was measured at baseline and after 5 weeks using a visual analog scale (0–100 mm; VAS). Hypnosis outcome expectations were assessed at baseline only with the Expectations for Treatment Scale (ETS). Unadjusted and adjusted linear regressions were performed to examine the association between baseline expectations and perceived stress at 5 weeks.

Data from 47 participants (M = 45.02, SD = 13.40 years; 85.1% female) were analyzed. Unadjusted (B = 0.326, t = 0.239, p = 0.812, R2 = 0.001) and adjusted (B = 0.639, t = 0.470, p = 0.641, R2 = 0.168) linear regressions found that outcome expectations to hypnosis were not associated with a change in perceived stress between baseline and after 5 weeks in the intervention group.

Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of group hypnosis in distressed participants were not associated with outcome expectations. Other mechanisms of action may be more important for the effect of hypnosis, which should be explored in future research.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03525093.