The psychological costs of behavioral immunity following COVID-19 diagnosis

TL;DR

People who had COVID-19 may experience heightened fear and disgust, which can disrupt their social and emotional well-being during the pandemic.

Contribution

This study identifies a psychological pathway linking prior COVID-19 infection to pandemic-related social and emotional disruption through behavioral immunity.

Findings

Prior COVID-19 infection is associated with increased threat emotionality to neutral stimuli.

Elevated threat emotionality is linked to disrupted socioemotional functioning during the pandemic.

The study supports a mediational pathway from infection to pandemic disruption via behavioral immunity markers.

Abstract

Prior COVID-19 infection may elevate activity of the behavioral immune system—the psychological mechanisms that foster avoidance of infection cues—to protect the individual from contracting the infection in the future. Such “adaptive behavioral immunity” may come with psychological costs, such as exacerbating the global pandemic’s disruption of social and emotional processes (i.e., pandemic disruption). To investigate that idea, we tested a mediational pathway linking prior COVID infection and pandemic disruption through behavioral immunity markers, assessed with subjective emotional ratings. This was tested in a sample of 734 Mechanical Turk workers who completed study procedures online during the global pandemic (September 2021–January 2022). Behavioral immunity markers were estimated with an affective image rating paradigm. Here, participants reported experienced disgust/fear and appraisals of sickness/harm risk to images varying in emotional content. Participants self-reported on their previous COVID-19 diagnosis history and level of pandemic disruption. The findings support the proposed mediational pathway and suggest that a prior COVID-19 infection is associated with broadly elevated threat emotionality, even to neutral stimuli that do not typically elicit threat emotions. This elevated threat emotionality was in turn related to disrupted socioemotional functioning within the pandemic context. These findings inform the psychological mechanisms that might predispose COVID survivors to mental health difficulties.

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