# Prediction Pressure Ulcers in High Care Unit Patients: Evaluating Risk Factors and Predictive Scale Using a Prospective Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study examines risk factors and prediction scales for pressure ulcers in high care unit patients, finding that the Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales are reliable predictors.

## Contribution

The study evaluates the effectiveness of Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales in predicting pressure ulcers in high care unit patients.

## Key findings

- The Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales predicted a lower risk of pressure ulcer development (60.98% and 99.02%, respectively).
- The incidence of pressure injuries was low at 4.39%.
- Risk factors like gender, duration of treatment, and use of restraint were not significant predictors (p > 0.05).

## Abstract

Background
 The incidence of ulcer pressure in the high care unit (HCU) was relatively high and could be reliably predicted using tools such as the Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales. However, other risk factors, such as age, gender, consciousness, systemic condition, duration of treatment, and use of restraint, may contribute to the occurrence of ulcer pressure. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship of various risk factors for pressure ulcers and prediction of ulcer pressure, using Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scale, to incident pressure ulcers in HCU patient.

Methods
 This study utilized a prospective cross-sectional study design to analyze various risk factors for ulcer pressure development in a patient admitted to the HCU, including age, gender, blood profile, consciousness, duration of treatment, and use of restraint. The Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scale was employed to predict pressure ulcers. The relationship between the risk factors and the prediction of pressure ulcer incidents was evaluated using multiple logistic binary regression analysis.

Result
 Both the Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales predicted a lower risk of pressure ulcer development (60.98 and 99.02%, respectively). This prediction is consistent with the low incidence of pressure injuries found, which is only 4.39%. Furthermore, the relationship between the identified risk factor (gender, duration of treatment in HCU and use of restraint) and the prediction and incident of pressure ulcer was not significant (
p
 > 0.05). Thus, it is suggested that these risk factors may not strong predictors of pressure ulcer development.

Conclusion
 This study's result indicated no significant relationship exists between possible identified risk factors and the development of pressure ulcers in HCU patients. However, the Norton and Jackson/Cubbin scales were reliable predictors of pressure ulcer occurrence, with both scales predicting a lower risk of pressure ulcer development.