# Winners and losers: Emotional shifts across elections are conveyed by a politician’s smile

## TL;DR

Politicians' affiliative smiles during elections can boost voter happiness and reduce negativity, helping align public sentiment with their campaign message.

## Contribution

This study provides experimental evidence on how affiliative smiles influence voter emotions and behavior during elections.

## Key findings

- Affiliative smiles increased happiness and affinity across all partisan groups.
- Supporters of losing parties showed reduced negative affect when viewing the winner's affiliative smile.
- Affinity from affiliative smiles is linked to increased civic engagement.

## Abstract

The human smile can convey both rewarding and affiliative social intent and thus has significant utility in politics, where the ability to bond with and reassure voters is vital to electoral success. We examine experimental evidence from the 2019 UK general election to investigate the influence of a politician’s reward or affiliative smile on voter emotions. It was hypothesised that the winner’s affiliative smile would engender positive affect across all partisan groups compared to the winner’s reward smile display. Participants from a nationally representative sample were shown campaign footage containing both types of smiles from the leaders of the main competing political parties both before and after the election. Increases in happiness and affinity were revealed across all partisan groups when shown footage of the eventual winner’s affiliative smile; at the same time, supporters of losing parties indicated a decrease in negative affect. Affinity has been shown to increase civic engagement. Thus, we conclude that affiliative smiles displayed by leading candidates during the campaign likely acted as a mechanism to align voter behaviour with the dominant political message.