# Prevalence and Risk Factors of Rubella and Cytomegalovirus Infections Among Pregnant Women in Makkah: Implications for Screening and Vaccination Programs

## TL;DR

This study examines rubella and CMV infections in pregnant women in Makkah, finding high prevalence and identifying risk factors like age and income.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the prevalence and risk factors of rubella and CMV infections among pregnant women in Makkah.

## Key findings

- 68.5% of pregnant women had rubella IgG antibodies, indicating prior exposure.
- 97.3% of pregnant women had CMV IgG antibodies, showing high prior exposure.
- Chronic infections were linked to age (26-35 years) and lower income.

## Abstract

Introduction

Contracting rubella virus or cytomegalovirus (CMV) while pregnant can lead to severe health issues for both the mother and the unborn child. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these infections in pregnant women and identify associated risk factors.

Methods

A total of 146 pregnant women consented to participate in this research. Data were collected through a detailed questionnaire and blood samples were obtained from each participant. Blood was drawn into vacutainer tubes, and plasma was separated and stored at -20°C for analysis. We utilized specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) to detect antibodies against rubella and CMV in the plasma samples.

Results

The study revealed that the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies for rubella and CMV were 68.5% and 97.3%, respectively. No samples tested positive for IgM antibodies for either disease. A significant relationship was found between chronic rubella infection and women aged 26 to 35 years (p < 0.05). A significant association was also observed between chronic CMV infection and women with lower income (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study confirms the widespread presence of chronic rubella and CMV infections among pregnant women in Makkah. The findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic factors on infection rates and underscore the importance of implementing vaccination programs to mitigate the severity of these infections in pregnant women and protect fetal health.