Correction to: The Effect of Sedentary Behaviour on Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Correction to: Sports Medicine 10.1007/s40279-023-01986-y

Prince SA, Dempsey PC, Reed JL, Rubin L, Saunders TJ, Ta J, Tomkinson GR, Merucci K, Lang JJ. The effect of sedentary behaviour on cardiorespiratory fitness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. Published on: 16 Jan 2024. 10.1007/s40279-023-01986-y.

In column 2 of Tables 1 and 2 of the above article, the reference numbers provided were incorrect. The tables (now with the correct reference numbers) should have appeared as shown below (Tables 1, 2).Table 1. Summary of findings for sedentary behaviour and cardiorespiratory fitness in youthStudy designEffect estimates or summary of effect^a^# of participants (# of studies)Certainty (quality) of evidenceInterpretation of findingsRCTCRF measured via laps completed on the 20-m shuttle run [77, 79, 81]Pooled mean difference post-values for intervention vs. control:7.91, 95% CI − 0.65, 16.47, p = 0.07All three studies targeted reduced screen time (two with a PA component [77, 81]). Two studies observed a significant decrease in screen time vs. control [79, 81], the other did not [77]. Only one [81] saw a significant change in PACRF measured via recovery HR [80]NS difference between groups (no difference in PA or SB)LapsI: 618, C: 288 (3)Recovery HRI: 60, C: 56 (1)Very low certaintyRoB: − 2 points, one study had high RoB, 2 had some concernsInconsistency: − 1 point, effects from one trial differed, but could likely be explained by intervention targetIndirectness: − 2 points, variation in population and co-interventionsImprecision: 0 points, OIS metThere is very low certainty of mixed effects of SB on CRFNote: 3/4 trials targeted PA, 3/4 trials significantly reduced SBQuasi-experimental studiesCRF measured via ** \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2_peak [83, 85]One study [83] targeted reduced total SB and found a significant increase in CRF (like the study arms that targeted PA). The other [85] targeted reduced leisure screen time and found that while SB decreased significantly, MVPA also increased significantly and change in CRF was largely correlated with change in MVPACRF measured via resting and recovery HR [86]Both Black and non-Black students saw improvements in their leisure screen time and PA levels. Resting HR only significantly reduced in non-Black students, while recovery HR significantly improved in Black students only \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2_peak120 (2)Resting/recovery HR3813 (1)NAEvidence from quasi-experimental studies is mixed (1 positive, 1 mixed, 1 NS)CohortsCRF measured via ** \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O2peak [93, 94, 97, 99, 102]3/5 studies (only 1 controlled for PA) observed that reduced screen time or total SB was not significantly associated with CRF [94, 99, 102]. Two studies (1 controlled for PA) found that lower screen time was associated with greater CRF [93, 97]CRF measured via laps completed on the 20-m shuttle run [90, 91, 100, 104, 105]3/5 studies (only 1 controlled for PA) observed that reduced SB was significantly associated with greater CRF [90, 91, 104]. One study found no significant association [105]. One study found that greater SB was associated with greater CRF [100]CRF measured via running distance [98]Evidence suggests a significant association between higher TV watching and reduced CRF \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2_peak4171 (5)Laps4071 (5)Distance135 (1)NAEvidence from cohort studies is mixed (6 positive, 4 NS, 1 negative)Three studies controlled for PA in the analysis, and the direction of association differed within each oneC control group, CI confidence interval, CRF cardiorespiratory fitness, HR heart rate, I intervention group, METs metabolic equivalents of task, NA not applicable, OIS optimal information size, PA physical activity, RCT randomized controlled trial, RoB risk of bias, SB sedentary behaviour, TV television^a^See supplementary Tables S8, S10 and S12 of the ESM for detailed resultsTable 2Summary of findings for sedentary behaviour and cardiorespiratory fitness in adultsStudy designEffect estimates or summary of effect# of participants (# of studies)Certainty (quality) of evidenceInterpretation of findingsRCT^a^CRF measured via ** \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2_peak [50, 51, 71, 73, 75, 76, 103]Pooled mean difference post-values for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document} O_2_peak intervention vs. control: 3.16 mL⋅kg^−1^⋅min^−1^, 95% CI 1.76 to 4.57, p < 0.00001SB-only: 2.18, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.36, p = 0.05SB + PA: 4.29, 95% CI 2.87 to 5.70, p < 0.00001CRF measured via running distance [70]NS effect of SB-only intervention on CRFCRF measured via resting HR [67–69, 72]Pooled mean difference change values for intervention vs. control in two studies: − 0.12 bpm, 95% CI − 2.45 to 2.20, p = 0.92 (NS effect in either SB-only or SB + PA intervention). Across the four studies, none found a significant group x time interaction (three included a PA replacement for SB)CRF measured via METs [65]NS effect of SB + PA intervention on CRFCRF measured via exercise capacity (Watts) [78]Significant effect of SB + PA intervention on CRF \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2_peakI: 361, C: 278 (8)DistanceI: 14, C: 29 (1)Resting HRI: 65, C: 66 (4)METsI: 10, C: 11 (1)WattsI1: 23, I2: 22, C: 17 (1)Very low certaintyRoB: − 2 points, 6 studies had high RoB, 5 had some concernsInconsistency: − 1 point, while evidence is mixed, VO_2_ meta-analyses suggest no significant heterogeneityIndirectness: − 2 points, variation in populations and co-interventionsImprecision: 0 points, OIS met for VO_2_There is very low certainty of evidence for mixed effects of SB on CRF, but with the potential for SB-focused interventions to improve CRF as evidenced by the VO_2_ meta-analysis. Most SB-only interventions remain underpoweredQuasi-experimentalCRF measured via ** \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O2peak [87–89]SB-only: significant intervention effect on CRF with the intervention group experiencing a significant decrease in SB and increase in CRFSB + PA: One study found NS effect of the intervention on CRF, second study was successful at improving CRF, but unclear if it was effect of reducing SB or increasing PA because of using a desk cycle ergometerCRF measured via 6-min walking distance [84]SB-only: Unclear association between SB and CRF as no formal statistical analysis undertaken. SB appeared to have decreased and CRF increased, but unclear if PA significantly changedCRF measured via METs [82]SB + PA: PA and CRF significantly improved, but no change in SB \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O_2peak337 (3)Distance19 (1)METs20 (1)NAEvidence from quasi-experimental studies is mixedCohort**CRF measured via ** \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O2**peak [11, 95, 101]All three studies found a significant association between reduced SB and increased CRF (two controlled for PA). One study [101] found a significant association with leisure SB, but not occupational SBCRF measured via 6-min walking distance [92]**NS association between change in SB and change in CRF. Study did not control for PA \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{\user2{V}}$$\end{document} O2_peak3997 (3)Distance642 (1)NAEvidence from cohort studies generally suggests a significant association between SB and CRFC control group, CI confidence interval, CRF cardiorespiratory fitness, HR heart rate, I intervention group, METs metabolic equivalents of task, NA not applicable, OIS optimal information size, PA physical activity, RCT randomized controlled trial, RoB risk of bias, SB sedentary behaviour^a^See Supplementary Tables S9, S11 and S13 of the ESM for detailed results