# Genetic Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Epidemiology Analysis of Three Sub-Genotype Pigeon Newcastle Disease Virus Strains in China

## TL;DR

This study identifies and characterizes three sub-genotype strains of pigeon Newcastle disease virus in China, highlighting their high pathogenicity and prevalence.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of genotype VI pigeon NDV strains currently circulating in China.

## Key findings

- Eight pigeon NDV strains in China were found to have high genetic similarity to genotype VI and distinct sub-genotypes.
- The identified strains showed virulent characteristics and low survival rates in infected pigeons.
- Sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 has been prevalent since 2011 and is now the dominant epidemic strain.

## Abstract

Pigeon Newcastle disease (ND) is a serious infectious illness caused by the pigeon Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or Paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1). Genotype VI NDV is a primary factor in ND among Columbiformes (such as pigeons and doves). In a recent study, eight pigeon NDV strains were discovered in various provinces in China. These viruses exhibited mesogenic characteristics based on their MDT and ICPI values. The complete genome sequences of these eight strains showed a 90.40% to 99.19% identity match with reference strains of genotype VI, and a 77.86% to 80.45% identity match with the genotype II vaccine strain. Additionally, analysis of the F gene sequence revealed that these NDV strains were closely associated with sub-genotypes VI.2.2.2, VI.2.1.1.2.1, and VI.2.1.1.2.2. The amino acid sequence at the cleavage site of the F protein indicated virulent characteristics, with the sequences 112KRQKRF117 and 112RRQKRF117 observed. Pigeons infected with these sub-genotype strains had a low survival rate of only 20% to 30%, along with lesions in multiple tissues, highlighting the strong spread and high pathogenicity of these pigeon NDV strains. Molecular epidemiology data from the GenBank database revealed that sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 strains have been prevalent since 2011. In summary, the findings demonstrate that the prevalence of genotype VI NDV is due to strains from diverse sub-genotypes, with the sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 strain emerging as the current epidemic strain, highlighting the significance of monitoring pigeon NDV in China.