Systematic Distribution of Bioluminescence in Marine Animals: A Species-Level Inventory

TL;DR

This paper provides a detailed inventory of bioluminescent marine species, clarifying which species are known to glow and which need further study.

Contribution

The study offers a species-level catalog of marine bioluminescence with robustness scores, revealing new patterns and research directions.

Findings

695 genera of marine animals are confirmed to be luminescent.

99 additional genera require further confirmation of luminescence.

The inventory includes 2781 confirmed luminescent species and 6389 with unknown status.

Abstract

Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by an organism. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in marine animals, especially in the deep sea. While the luminescent status of numerous marine animals has been recently clarified thanks to advancements in deep-sea exploration technologies and phylogenetics, that of others has become more obscure due to dramatic changes in systematics (themselves triggered by molecular phylogenies). Here, we combined a comprehensive literature review with unpublished data to establish a catalogue of marine luminescent animals. Inventoried animals were identified to species level in over 97% of the cases and were associated with a score reflecting the robustness of their luminescence record. While luminescence capability has been established in 695 genera of marine animals, luminescence reports from 99 additional genera need further confirmation. Altogether, these luminescent and potentially luminescent genera encompass 9405 species, of which 2781 are luminescent, 136 are potentially luminescent (e.g., suggested luminescence in those species needs further confirmation), 99 are non-luminescent, and 6389 have an unknown luminescent status. Comparative analyses reveal new insights into the occurrence of luminescence among marine animal groups and highlight promising research areas. This work will provide a solid foundation for future studies related to the field of marine bioluminescence.

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