# The Necessity of Taking Culture and Context into Account When Studying the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Development

## TL;DR

This paper argues that understanding how socioeconomic status affects brain development requires considering cultural and contextual factors, not just income or education.

## Contribution

The paper emphasizes the need to integrate cultural context into SES-brain development research to avoid oversimplification and bias.

## Key findings

- Income and maternal education influence brain development through different environmental pathways.
- Ignoring cultural context can lead to harmful interpretations of SES-related brain differences.
- Sociodemographic factors shape daily experiences that impact brain development.

## Abstract

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through distinct pathways. Specifically, while a families’ income-to-needs ratio is linked with physiological stress and household chaos, caregiver education influences the day-to-day language environment a child is exposed to. Variability in either one of these environmental experiences is related to subsequent brain development. While this work has the potential to inform public policies in a way that benefits children, it can also oversimplify complex factors, unjustly blame low-SES parents, and perpetuate a harmful deficit perspective. To counteract these shortcomings, researchers must consider sociodemographic differences in the broader cultural context that underlie SES-based differences in brain development. This review aims to address these issues by (a) identifying how sociodemographic mechanisms associated with SES influence the day-to-day experiences of children, in turn, impacting brain development, while (b) considering the broader cultural contexts that may differentially impact this relationship.