# TNFR1 signaling is positively regulated by Jak-2 and c-Src via tyrosine phosphorylation

## TL;DR

This paper shows that TNFR1 is activated through tyrosine phosphorylation by JAK2 and c-Src, leading to ERK and Akt signaling.

## Contribution

The study identifies JAK2 and c-Src as key regulators of TNFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation, revealing a new noncanonical signaling pathway.

## Key findings

- TNFR1 is phosphorylated at Y360 by c-Src and Y401 by JAK2.
- Phosphorylation of Y360 and Y401 enhances Grb2 and PI3Kp85 interactions with TNFR1.
- Phosphomimetic mutations at Y360D and Y401D increase ERK and Akt activation.

## Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, a.k.a. TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts most of its effects through type 1 TNF receptor (TNFR1). Following TNF binding, TNFR1 recruits TRADD (tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain). This interaction triggers formation of signalosome complexes which have been claimed to induce apoptosis (via downstream caspase activations), inflammation (via NF-kappaB) and stress pathways (JNK & p38). However, the mechanism underlying TNF-induced ERK and AKT activation is not completely revealed. TNFR1 is known to constitutively bind c-Src and JAK2, and these enzymes were previously demonstrated to modulate TNF signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that TNFR1 could be tyrosine phosphorylated by JAK2 and/or c-Src and TNF-induced ERK and Akt activation may be mediated by this phosphorylation.

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) was performed to substitute the two putative Tyrosine phosphorylation sites on TNFR1 (Y360 and Y401) with alanine (A) or with aspartic acid (D), to inhibit or mimic constitutive phosphorylation, respectively. In 293T cells transfected with mutated or wild type TNFR1, ERK and Akt activations were determined by western blot. TNFR1 interaction with c-Src, JAK2, p85 and Grb2 was examined by co-IP. NF-kB activation was measured by luciferase assay, while proliferation was measured by MTT and apoptosis was evaluated by colorimetric caspase 8/3 assays. For determination of necrosis rates, cellular DNA fragmentation ELISA was performed.

In this report, we show that TNFR1 is phosphorylated by JAK2 tyrosine kinase at Y401 and by c-Src at Y360 and Y401. Phosphorylation of Y360 and Y401 augments the interaction of Grb2 and PI3Kp85 with TNFR1. We also demonstrate that phosphomimetic mutations of Y360D and Y401D enhance ERK and Akt activation.

TNFR1 is tyrosine phosphorylated by both c-Src and JAK2, triggering a “noncanonical” pathway, that activates ERK and Akt.