# Longitudinal association of grip strength with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older urban Lithuanian population

## TL;DR

This study shows that lower grip strength in older Lithuanians is linked to higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality over a 12-year period.

## Contribution

The study provides new evidence on the prognostic value of grip strength for mortality in an urban Lithuanian population.

## Key findings

- Lower grip strength was associated with significantly higher all-cause mortality risk in both men and women.
- The lowest grip strength tercile showed increased mortality risk compared to the highest tercile.
- All-cause mortality risk increased as grip strength decreased per 1 kg and per 1 SD decrement.

## Abstract

Ageing populations experience greater risks associated with health and survival. It increases the relevance of identifying variables associated with mortality. Grip strength (GS) has been identified as an important biomarker for all cause and cardiovascular mortality, however, its prognostic value has not been studied in Lithuania. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship of GS to vital status in a representative sample of the Lithuanian 45–72-year-old urban population during the period of 12 years of follow-up and to explore associations of GS with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Within the framework of the international study Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) 7,115 men and women 45–72 years of age were examined in the baseline survey (2006 to 2008). Data from the Official Lithuanian Mortality Register were used to evaluate CVD and all-cause mortality from follow-up till 2020. Cox proportional hazards regression was used, and four models for all-cause and CVD mortality were assessed.

The mean GS was significantly higher among survivors’ men and women as compared to individuals deceased from CVD and other causes of death. In survivor men and women groups, minimal values of GS in all terciles were higher as compared to all three deceased groups. In both men and women groups, the lowest GS (1st tercile) was associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality as compared to the highest levels of GS (3rd tercile) in three Cox regression models. In both men and women were found to have a 1.34- and 1.35-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality, respectively, at lower GS, but no significant difference in the risk of CVD mortality. When GS was treated in all models as decrement per 1 kg and decrement per 1 SD, in both men and women, the risk of all-cause mortality significantly increased with decreasing of GS.

The mean GS was significantly higher among survivors’ men and women as compared to deceased from CVD and other causes of death. Risk of all-cause mortality significantly increased with decreasing of GS.