# Increased anger and stress and heightened connectivity between IFG and vmPFC in victims during social interaction

## TL;DR

Victims of violence show increased anger and stress, with altered brain connectivity during social interactions, even when included.

## Contribution

The study reveals altered brain connectivity in victims during social inclusion, not exclusion, highlighting new insights into social processing.

## Key findings

- Victims showed increased anger and stress levels during all social interaction conditions.
- Enhanced functional connectivity between IFG and right vmPFC was observed in victims during exclusion.
- Aberrant connectivity in victims was driven by inclusion, not exclusion, suggesting altered social processing.

## Abstract

Self-identification as a victim of violence may lead to increased negative emotions and stress and thus, may change both structure and function of the underlying neural network(s). In a trans-diagnostic sample of individuals who identified themselves as victims of violence and a matched control group with no prior exposure to violence, we employed a social exclusion paradigm, the Cyberball task, to stimulate the re-experience of stress. Participants were partially excluded in the ball-tossing game without prior knowledge. We analyzed group differences in brain activity and functional connectivity during exclusion versus inclusion in exclusion-related regions. The victim group showed increased anger and stress levels during all conditions. Activation patterns during the task did not differ between groups but an enhanced functional connectivity between the IFG and the right vmPFC distinguished victims from controls during exclusion. This effect was driven by aberrant connectivity in victims during inclusion rather than exclusion, indicating that victimization affects emotional responses and inclusion-related brain connectivity rather than exclusion-related brain activity or connectivity. Victims may respond differently to the social context itself. Enhanced negative emotions and connectivity deviations during social inclusion may depict altered social processing and may thus affect social interactions.