# Patient-derived cells – an irreplaceable tool for research of reduced penetrance in movement disorders

## TL;DR

This paper discusses how patient-derived cells are essential for understanding why some people with certain genes do not develop movement disorders.

## Contribution

The paper highlights the use of patient-derived cells to study reduced penetrance in movement disorders.

## Key findings

- Patient-derived cells help identify genetic modifiers of movement disorders.
- These cells provide a complete genetic background for studying disease mechanisms.

## Abstract

Movement disorders comprise a clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases associated with the phenomenon of reduced penetrance. Penetrance refers to the likelihood that a clinical condition will occur when a particular genotype is present. Elucidating the cause of reduced penetrance may contribute to more personalized medicine by identifying genetic factors that may prevent individuals from developing disease. Therefore, patient material becomes an irreplaceable resource in this approach. It is needed to identify genetic modifiers of the disease in the first place and to subsequently elucidate underlying mechanisms in endogenous human cell models that provide the entire genetic background.