A Geomedical Survey: Is There an Association Between Climatic Conditions and Leishmania Species Distribution in Iran During the Years 1999–2021?

TL;DR

This study explores how climate factors in Iran influence the spread of three Leishmania species from 1999 to 2021 using GIS and statistical analysis.

Contribution

The study confirms a significant association between climatic variables and the geographic distribution of Leishmania species in Iran.

Findings

L. major distribution is significantly related to all climatic variables.

L. tropica is associated with rainfall and humidity.

L. infantum is significantly linked to rainfall and temperatures.

Abstract

Iran is among the high-risk leishmaniasis regions in the world. WHO recommends the use of GIS as an ideal tool for healthcare authorities to predict the evolution of a disease, delimit the risk of outbreaks and identify critical areas. The aim of this research is to find the association between the main species of Leishmania (L. major, L. tropica, L. infantum) dispersion and climatic variables in Iran.

All molecular-based reports of leishmaniasis from Iran between 1999 and 2021 were gathered from reliable medical sources. Meteorological data (air and soil temperatures, annual rainfall and humidity) of the country along the study period were obtained from the Iranian Climatological Research Centre. The data concerning species distribution and climatic conditions during this period were moved to a base-map through raster layers using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. The relationship between parasitological and climatic models was examined using ANOVA.

High risk area maps, based on the cut-off thresholds, were generated for Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. infantum. According to the molecular-based reports, the L. major distribution was significantly related to all climatic variables, while L. tropica was merely related to rainfall and humidity, and the L. infantum distribution was significantly associated with rainfall, soil and air temperatures.

The association between climatic conditions and Leishmania species distribution in Iran has been confirmed. Consequently, both, the relationship between climatic conditions and the geographical distribution of Leishmania species, and the use of GIS to better understand the spatial epidemiology of leishmaniasis, have been reaffirmed.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11686-024-00811-4.

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