# Role of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT in an AML-M5a Subtype Patient with Rare Constellation of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis & Bilateral Multiple Breast Chloromas

## TL;DR

This case study shows how PET/CT imaging helped diagnose and monitor a rare combination of AML-M5a, HLH, and breast chloromas in a single patient.

## Contribution

Highlights the role of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in diagnosing and monitoring a rare coexistence of AML-M5a, HLH, and chloromas.

## Key findings

- 18F-FDG-PET/CT identified multiple lymph nodal and marrow lesions and later detected bilateral breast chloromas.
- PET/CT guided biopsy sites and monitored treatment response for both HLH and AML.
- The case emphasizes the importance of nuclear medicine physicians recognizing complications in AML with poor prognostic factors.

## Abstract

We report a treated case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M5a subtype) with monocytic differentiation (AMoL) presenting with fever and body pains. Initial
18
F-FDG-PET/CT (
18
F-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography) identified multiple lymph nodal, and marrow lesions. Biopsy confirmed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Post HLH treatment, follow-up PET/CT demonstrated unsuspected FDG avid bilateral breast lesions (
n
 = 5), which proved to be chloromas, that is, extranodal manifestation of AML.
18
F-FDG-PET/CT has helped not only in identifying the various sites of disease involvement but also in guiding the sites for biopsy. Finally,
18
F-FDG-PET/CT was useful in monitoring therapy response for both these coexisting pathologies, which are said to be resistant to treatment based on FLT3-ITD tyrosine kinase-3 internal tandem duplication mutation positivity and high-grade AML status. This case represents a rare constellation of different etiologies that needed to be differentiated. It also emphasizes the challenges in interpreting PET/CT findings, especially in difficult clinical scenarios. Disease distribution in HLH/presence of chloromas, etc., can mimic stage IV lymphoma in a known case of AML. So the nuclear medicine physician should be aware of the different complications in the background of AML, especially in patients with poor prognostic factors.