# Mental Healthcare Practices from Entry to Release across Southeastern Jails

## TL;DR

This study explores mental healthcare practices in Southeastern jails, revealing inadequate resources and inconsistent care for individuals with mental illnesses.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into mental healthcare practices and challenges in multiple Southeastern jails, highlighting gaps in staffing and continuity of care.

## Key findings

- Initial mental health screenings often focus on suicidality and medication history, not current symptoms.
- Mental health care in jails is primarily focused on suicide prevention and medication management.
- Discharge planning is limited, leading to poor continuity of mental healthcare.

## Abstract

Individuals with mental illnesses are disproportionately incarcerated in jails, which have become de facto mental health institutions across the US. Yet there is limited research describing mental healthcare practices from entry to release among multiple jails and states.

We conducted 34 semi-structured interviews with jail healthcare personnel across five Southeastern states.

We report results on challenges and practices related to mental health staffing, screening, additional evaluations and services, and discharge planning in jails. Initial mental health screenings were often restricted to the detection of suicidality and history of treatment and medications as opposed to current mental health symptoms. Use of validated mental health screening forms was uncommon. We found delays in care between the initial health screening and being evaluated by a mental health professional. Most jails reported primary responsibilities for mental health care as preventing suicides and managing psychiatric medications. Jails reported mental health care as challenging to manage, with high volumes of individuals with mental health needs, yet limited resources, especially regarding staffing. Discharge planning was limited despite reports of poor continuity of mental healthcare.

Jails have a constitutional duty and opportunity to provide adequate healthcare to individuals with mental illnesses, yet practices are insufficient and resources are limited across jails. Based on our findings, we recommend 1) greater adoption and revisions of jail health standards 2) system improvement that expands identification of mental illnesses and quicker, less variable follow-up mental health evaluations, 3) improved linkages and supports for community resources that prevent incarceration of this population.