# Using Monte-Carlo simulation to test predictions about the time-course of semantic and lexical access in reading

## TL;DR

The paper uses Monte-Carlo simulations to test when semantic processing occurs during reading, supporting models that rely on word-form retrieval.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel use of Monte-Carlo simulations to evaluate semantic and lexical access predictions in reading models.

## Key findings

- Significant main effects of concreteness and spelling-sound consistency were observed.
- Simulations did not show significant interactions between spelling-sound consistency and concreteness above chance.
- Age-of-acquisition was found to potentially confound results in reading experiments.

## Abstract

One of the main theoretical distinctions between reading models is how and when they predict semantic processing occurs. Some models assume semantic activation occurs after word-form is retrieved. Other models assume there is no-word form, and that what people think of as word-form is actually just semantics. These models thus predict semantic effects should occur early in reading. Results showing words with inconsistent spelling-sound correspondences are faster to read aloud if they are imageable/concrete compared to if they are abstract have been used as evidence supporting this prediction, although null-effects have also been reported. To investigate this, I used Monte-Carlo simulation to create a large set of simulated experiments from RTs taken from different databases. The results showed significant main effects of concreteness and spelling-sound consistency, as well as age-of-acquisition, a variable that can potentially confound the results. Alternatively, simulations showing a significant interaction between spelling-sound consistency and concreteness did not occur above chance, even without controlling for age-of-acquisition. These results support models that use lexical form. In addition, they suggest significant interactions from previous experiments may have occurred due to idiosyncratic items affecting the results and random noise causing the occasional statistical error.