# Associations Between Phenotypes of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity and Incident Hypertension in Young Adulthood

## TL;DR

Childhood obesity types are linked to higher adult hypertension risk, with differences seen between males and females.

## Contribution

Identified distinct childhood obesity phenotypes and their differential associations with hypertension in young adulthood, stratified by sex.

## Key findings

- Females with childhood obesity phenotypes had higher odds of developing hypertension in young adulthood.
- Males in the mothers with obesity and high weight concerns phenotypes had greater hypertension risk than those in the mixed phenotype.
- Associations between obesity phenotypes and hypertension varied significantly by biological sex.

## Abstract

We investigated whether empirically derived childhood obesity phenotypes were differentially associated with risk of hypertension in young adulthood, and whether these associations differed by sex.

Data came from 11,404 participants in the Growing Up Today Study, a prospective cohort study in the US established in 1996. We used a childhood obesity phenotype variable that was previously empirically derived using latent class analysis. The childhood obesity phenotypes included an early puberty phenotype (females only), a mothers with obesity phenotype, a high weight concerns phenotype, and a mixed phenotype. Participants without overweight or obesity in childhood or adolescence were the reference group. We then used logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine associations of childhood obesity phenotypes with incident hypertension between ages 20–35 years. All analyses were stratified by sex.

Among females, participants in all of the empirically derived childhood obesity phenotypes were more likely than their peers without childhood overweight/obesity to develop hypertension in young adulthood (early puberty subtype odds ratio (OR) = 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.75, 3.62; mothers with obesity (MO) subtype OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.93, 4.59; high weight concerns (WC) subtype OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.65, 3.28; mixed subtype OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.25, 2.20). Among males, the childhood obesity phenotypes were associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension, although males in the MO (OR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.82, 3.87) and WC phenotypes (OR = 3.52; 95% CI = 2.38, 5.20) had a greater risk of developing hypertension than the mixed subtype (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.23, 1.86) (p = 0.004).

Risk for incident hypertension in young adulthood varied by childhood obesity phenotypes, as well as by biological sex. If replicated, these results may suggest that increased surveillance of specific childhood obesity phenotypes might help in targeting those at highest risk for hypertension.