# Numerical investigation of the optimal porosity of titanium foam for dental implants

## TL;DR

This paper uses numerical modeling to find the best porosity for titanium foam dental implants to improve bone integration and reduce stress issues.

## Contribution

The study introduces a systematic numerical investigation to determine the optimal porosity (62.5%) for titanium foam dental implants.

## Key findings

- Titanium foam implants with 62.5% porosity have a Young's modulus closest to cortical bone (14.5 GPa), reducing stress shielding.
- FEA results show that 62.5% porosity titanium foam transfers loads more effectively to surrounding bone compared to pure titanium.
- The maximum von Mises stress in surrounding bone increases with higher porosity, reaching 21.53 MPa for 80% porosity.

## Abstract

This paper aims to indicate numerically the accurate porosity used for dental implants, following the emphasis on the preference for titanium foam on pure titanium implants. A 3D-optimized numerical model is created to demonstrate the detailed differences between models.

A 3D finite element model was generated using Abaqus for titanium and titanium foam implants with different porosities (50,60,62.5,70, and 80%) fixed in cortical and cancellous bone. The mechanical data for titanium foam is extracted from published literature. We evaluate an artificial intelligent equation for the stress-strain response of titanium foam with various porosities to describe their variations.

To evaluate the stress-strain variations for different porosities, exponential artificial intelligence provides high accuracy (>0.99). The numerical results show that titanium foam implants appear to transfer more loads to the bordering bones due to their lower stiffness and higher energy absorption, which can help reduce stress shielding problems. In surrounding bones, the maximum VM stress occurs at the neck region from 5.42 MPa for pure titanium to 21.53 MPa for titanium foam with 80% porosity. Additionally, a porosity of 62.5% appears to be the most suitable since Young's modulus for this porosity (13.82 GPa) is close to the cortical bone's modulus (14.5 GPa). This suitability is shown in FEA by the similarity in stress level between pure titanium and the corresponding porosity. Overall, titanium foam implants appear to be a promising option for improving the effectiveness and longevity of bone implants in surgical dentistry.

Systematic numerical studies on titanium foam dental implants with different porosities. Analysis of the FE results shows that titanium foam with a porosity of 62.5% is more beneficial for use in dental implants.