GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra vs Unstimulated Interferon γ (IRISA-TB) for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pericarditis in a Tuberculosis-Endemic Setting

TL;DR

A study compared two tests for diagnosing tuberculous pericarditis and found one to be more accurate, especially in HIV-uninfected individuals.

Contribution

The study provides a direct comparison of IRISA-TB and GeneXpert Ultra for diagnosing TBP in a TB-endemic setting.

Findings

IRISA-TB was more sensitive than Xpert Ultra for diagnosing TBP overall.

IRISA-TB showed significantly higher sensitivity in HIV-uninfected individuals.

Both tests had high specificity for TBP diagnosis.

Abstract

Tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) is a paucibacillary disease, where host biomarkers such as unstimulated interferon γ (IRISA-TB) have high diagnostic accuracy. However, DNA-based diagnostic tests (GeneXpert Ultra), more sensitive than an earlier versions, have recently become available. Given that the diagnosis of TBP is challenging, we performed a comparative diagnostic accuracy study comparing both assays.

We recruited 99 consecutive patients with suspected TBP in Cape Town, South Africa. Definite TBP was defined by microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis (TB) on pericardial fluid culture or an alternative polymerase chain reaction–based test (GeneXpert MTB/RIF) or by use of sputum (polymerase chain reaction or culture). Probable TBP was defined as a high clinical suspicion of TB accompanied by anti-TB treatment, while non-TBP was defined as negative microbiological test results for TB without initiation of TB treatment and/or the presence of an alternative diagnosis.

There were 39 patients with definite TBP, 35 with probable TBP, and 23 with non-TBP. Approximately 70% of participants who received TB treatment were HIV coinfected. Overall, IRISA-TB was more sensitive than Xpert Ultra (88.6% [95% CI, 74.1%–95.5%] vs 71.5% [55.0%–83.7%], n = 53) and significantly more sensitive in participants who were HIV uninfected (100% [95% CI, 72.3%–100.0%] vs 60% [31.3%–83.2%], P = .03). In patients with definite and probable TBP combined (n = 84), sensitivity was significantly higher with IRISA-TB (77.3% [95% CI, 65.9%–85.8%] vs 37.9 [27.2%–50.0%], P < .0001). A similar pattern was seen in persons who were HIV uninfected (88.3% vs 35.3%, P = .002). Specificity was high for both assays (>95%).

Unstimulated interferon γ (IRISA-TB) was significantly more sensitive than Xpert Ultra for the diagnosis of TB pericarditis in a TB-endemic resource-poor setting.

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