# Race and geography impact validity of maximum allowable standing height equations for para-athletes

## TL;DR

This study shows that equations used to estimate the maximum allowable standing height for para-athletes are less accurate for Black Americans compared to white Americans, highlighting the impact of race and geography.

## Contribution

The study validates the impact of race and geography on the accuracy of MASH equations for para-athletes.

## Key findings

- Only 2 of 12 MASH equations were valid for Black Americans, and 3 of 12 for white Americans.
- Bias errors showed greater underestimation or lesser overestimation of stature for Black Americans in most equations.
- Race and geography significantly affect the validity of MASH equations.

## Abstract

World Athletics use maximum allowable standing height (MASH) equations for para-athletes with bilateral lower extremity amputations to estimate stature and limit prosthesis length since longer prostheses can provide running performance advantages. The equations were developed using a white Spanish population; however, validation for other races and geographical groups is limited. This study aimed to determine the validity of the MASH equations for Black and white Americans and whether bias errors between calculated and measured stature were similar between these populations. Sitting height, thigh length, upper arm length, forearm length, and arm span of 1899 male and 1127 female Black and white Americans from the Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel database were input into the 6 sex-specific MASH equations to enable comparisons of calculated and measured statures within and between Black and white groups. Two of 12 MASH equations validly calculated stature for Black Americans and 3 of 12 equations were valid for white Americans. Bias errors indicated greater underestimation or lesser overestimation of calculated statures in 10 equations for Black compared to white Americans and in 2 equations for white compared to Black Americans. This study illustrates that race and geography impact the validity of MASH equations.