# Granulomas Galore: Concomitant Granulomatous Infections in a Patient With Crohn's Disease

## TL;DR

A 74-year-old woman with Crohn's disease developed two rare infections while on a TNF-alpha inhibitor, making diagnosis and treatment difficult.

## Contribution

Reports a rare case of concurrent tuberculosis and Histoplasmosis in a Crohn's patient on adalimumab.

## Key findings

- The patient had concomitant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Histoplasma capsulatum infections.
- Diagnosis was complicated by overlapping symptoms and imaging findings.
- Treatment was challenging due to drug interactions and disease progression.

## Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors are effective biologics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease; however, they increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. We report a case of a 74-year-old female with Crohn's disease who developed concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MTB]) and Histoplasmosis capsulatum infection while on adalimumab. Co-infection is rare in patients on TNF-alpha inhibitor therapy, and most cases have been reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This was a challenging case for diagnosis and treatment due to indistinguishable presenting symptoms of both infections, similar laboratory and radiographical findings, and a clinical course complicated by drug-drug interactions and worsening of symptoms despite therapy.