# Temporal and spatial variability of constitutive mixotroph abundance and proportion

## TL;DR

This study explores how mixotrophic plankton abundance varies seasonally and how environmental factors influence their activity in a temperate estuary.

## Contribution

A novel labeled prey-tracer method was used to better estimate active mixotroph abundance and its seasonal patterns.

## Key findings

- Actively grazing mixotrophs were more abundant in spring and autumn compared to summer.
- Dinoflagellates dominated mixotrophs except when cryptophytes were prevalent in low salinity areas during autumn.
- Environmental conditions appear to influence mixotroph activity through their effect on phagotrophy.

## Abstract

Mixotrophic plankton can comprise a substantial portion of the plankton community compared to phytoplankton and zooplankton. However, there is a gap in the understanding of conditions that influence mixotroph prevalence and activity in situ because current methods often over- or underestimate mixotroph abundance. A labeled prey-tracer method was utilized to identify active mixotrophs present at two locations in a temperate estuary over a year. The tracer method was combined with light microscopy data to estimate active mixotroph abundance and proportion. This study estimated that actively grazing mixotrophic taxa were more abundant in the spring and autumn compared to summer. Dinoflagellates typically dominated the mixotrophic taxa except during autumn at the low salinity location when cryptophytes dominated. Further analysis suggested that active mixotroph abundances might not be only regulated by environmental conditions favorable to mixotrophy but, instead, environmental conditions favorable to different mixotrophs utilization of phagotrophy. By focusing on mixotrophic taxa that were identified to be actively grazing at time of sampling, this study provided a more nuanced estimation of mixotroph abundance, increasing the understanding of how mixotrophic abundance and proportion in situ are influenced by the planktonic community composition and environmental factors.

A novel method using labeled prey tracers in a temperate estuary showed that actively grazing mixotrophic plankton are more abundant in spring and autumn and their presence may depend on environmental conditions favorable to different mixotrophs utilization of phagotrophy.