# Topological defect-propelled swimming of nematic colloids

## TL;DR

Rotating colloids in nematic liquid crystals use topological defects to swim and interact in complex ways.

## Contribution

The study introduces topological defects as virtual functional structures that generate motion and interaction in colloidal systems.

## Key findings

- Defect dynamics in nematic colloids lead to periodic swimming motions.
- Swimming speed and direction are controlled by defect polarity and elongation.
- Interactions between swimmers depend on defect entanglement and sharing.

## Abstract

Topological defects on colloids rotating in nematic liquid crystals form far-from-equilibrium structures that perform complex swim strokes in which the defects periodically extend, depin, and contract. These defect dynamics propel the colloid, generating translation from rotation. The swimmer’s speed and direction are determined by the topological defect’s polarity and extent of elongation. Defect elongation is controlled by a rotating external magnetic field, allowing control over particle trajectories. The swimmers’ translational motion relies on broken symmetries associated with lubrication forces between the colloid and the bounding surfaces, line tensions associated with the elongated defect, and anisotropic viscosities associated with the defect elongation adjacent to the colloid. The scattering or effective pair interaction of these swimmers is highly anisotropic, with polarization-dependent dimer stability and motion that depend strongly on entanglement and sharing of their extended defect structures. This research introduces transient, far-from-equilibrium topological defects as a class of virtual functional structures that generate modalities of motion and interaction.

Nonequilibrium defects on rotated nematic colloids perform swim strokes that propel colloids and generate complex interactions.