# Diversification or sensory unification? Controversies around the senses in fin de siècle culture

## TL;DR

This paper explores late 19th-century debates about sensory evolution, contrasting views on specialization versus unification of senses.

## Contribution

It contrasts Max Nordau's view of sensory specialization with Victor Segalen's sensory unification theory.

## Key findings

- Evolutionist discourses on senses were influenced by theories of human exceptionalism.
- Nordau and Segalen represented opposing views on sensory evolution.
- These debates impacted artistic practices of the fin de siècle era.

## Abstract

This article analyses the evolutionist discourses on the senses that emerged in the late 19th century, when theories on the evolution of species were in full sway. Drawing on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this article aims to set face to face the two currents of thought that I have identified regarding sensory evolution: the one that stressed the value of the progressive specialisation of the senses as evidence for human evolution mainly supported by Max Nordau, and the one which regarded the sensory regrouping, exemplified by the phenomenon of synaesthesia, as the true symptom of evolution, strongly supported by Victor Segalen. A close examination of their arguments will provide clues concerning their relative position vis-à-vis the theory that stressed the exceptional nature of humankind among all living beings. Based on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this paper, which straddles several fields (history of science, philosophy, cultural history and aesthetics) aims to set both positions face to face, examining their arguments in detail and establishing their genealogies. This will lead to a better understanding of the scope and range of evolutionist discourses in the fin de siècle culture and on their impact upon artistic practices.