# Recent understanding of the mechanisms of the biological activities of hesperidin and hesperetin and their therapeutic effects on diseases

## TL;DR

This review summarizes the health benefits and disease-fighting potential of hesperidin and hesperetin, two citrus flavonoids, and their molecular mechanisms.

## Contribution

The paper offers a comprehensive overview of the biological activities and therapeutic mechanisms of hesperidin and hesperetin.

## Key findings

- Hesperidin and hesperetin show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties.
- They have therapeutic potential in bone, cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, digestive, and urinary tract diseases.
- Preclinical and clinical studies support their use in disease prevention and treatment.

## Abstract

Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that have therapeutic effects and act in the prevention of several pathologies. These phytochemicals can be found in lemon, sweet orange, bitter orange, clementine. Hesperidin and hesperetin are citrus flavonoids from the flavanones subclass that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and antibacterial potential. Preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated therapeutical effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin in various diseases, such as bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, urinary tract diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological activities of hesperidin and hesperetin, their therapeutic potential in various diseases and their associated molecular mechanisms. This article also discusses future considerations for the clinical applications of hesperidin and hesperetin.