# Histology-validated electromagnetic characterization of ex-vivo ovine lung tissue for microwave-based medical applications

## TL;DR

This study investigates how microwave ablation affects the dielectric properties of ovine lung tissue, validated through histology and heating experiments.

## Contribution

The work provides novel electromagnetic characterization of ex-vivo lung tissue before and after ablation, validated with histology and heating experiments.

## Key findings

- Dielectric properties of ovine lung tissue increase post-ablation due to air cavity deformation.
- Low heating rates cause a decrease in dielectric properties, unlike ablation.
- Histology confirms physical changes in tissue structure post-ablation.

## Abstract

Microwave thermal ablation is an established therapeutic technique for treating malignant tissue in various organs. Its success greatly depends on the knowledge of dielectric properties of the targeted tissue and on how they change during the treatment. Innovation in lung navigation has recently increased the clinical interest in the transbronchial microwave ablation treatment of lung cancer. However, lung tissue is not largely characterized, thus its dielectric properties investigation prior and post ablation is key. In this work, dielectric properties of ex-vivo ovine lung parenchyma untreated and ablated at 2.45 GHz were recorded in the 0.5–8 GHz frequency range. The measured dielectric properties were fitted to 2-pole Cole–Cole relaxation model and the obtained model parameters were compared. Based on observed changes in the model parameters, the physical changes of the tissue post-ablation were discussed and validated through histology analysis. Additionally, to investigate the link of achieved results with the rate of heating, another two sets of samples, originating from both ovine and porcine tissues, were heated with a microwave oven for different times and at different powers. Dielectric properties were measured in the same frequency range. It was found that lung tissue experiences a different behavior according to heating rates: its dielectric properties increase post-ablation while a decrease is found for low rates of heating. It is hypothesized, and validated by histology, that during ablation, although the tissue is losing water, the air cavities deform, lowering air content and increasing the resulting tissue properties.