# Prevalence of Long COVID Syndrome and its Association With Blood Group: A Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study found no link between long COVID and blood group, but noted that females and those with severe initial symptoms were more likely to experience long-term effects.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the association between long COVID and blood group, as well as demographic and symptom-related factors.

## Key findings

- No association was found between long COVID and ABO blood groups (p=0.158).
- Females were more likely than males to experience long COVID symptoms.
- Perceived severity of acute infection was significantly associated with long COVID symptoms (p=<0.01).

## Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus pandemic rapidly spread across the globe since 2020. It was characterized by a number of acute signs and symptoms. There were, however, some new-onset signs and symptoms labelled as “Long COVID”. This study was conducted to study its prevalence and associations with blood group.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in Islamabad for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020-2021. Information was collected through an online and physical questionnaire regarding personal demographics, symptoms during and after COVID-19, and blood group. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States).

Results:The study identified 196 participants out of which 48.5% were male and 51% were female, with a median age of 30. Most participants (62.2%) belonged to the Punjabi ethnicity. The mean BMI was 25.56 kg/m2. The majority of the study participants reported having blood group B (n=76) followed by A (n=52). Acute symptoms were experienced by 95.4% of participants, with fatigue being the most persistent symptom at four weeks (45.9%). After four weeks, 63.3% of participants reported new symptoms like hair loss. Females were found more likely to experience long COVID symptoms. The perceived severity of acute infection was significantly associated with long COVID symptoms (p=<0.01). There was no association found between long COVID and blood group (p=0.158).

Conclusion: There was no association found between long COVID and ABO blood groups. Females were more likely than males to experience long COVID. Long COVID was found to be more likely to develop in those with perceived severe acute infection, highlighting the need for further research regarding aggressive care from the onset of COVID-19 infection.