# Sedimentation of large, soluble proteins up to 140 kDa for 1H-detected MAS NMR and 13C DNP NMR – practical aspects

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method to study large, soluble proteins using NMR techniques without crystallization.

## Contribution

A novel approach using ultracentrifugation to study proteins up to 140 kDa with MAS and DNP NMR is introduced.

## Key findings

- Ultracentrifugation creates a gel-like state suitable for high-resolution MAS NMR of large proteins.
- Proton-detected NMR spectra of proteins up to 140 kDa show line widths as low as 20–30 Hz.
- The method avoids crystallization and allows use of low-glycerol buffers in DNP NMR.

## Abstract

Solution NMR is typically applied to biological systems with molecular weights < 40 kDa whereas magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR traditionally targets very large, oligomeric proteins and complexes exceeding 500 kDa in mass, including fibrils and crystalline protein preparations. Here, we propose that the gap between these size regimes can be filled by the approach presented that enables investigation of large, soluble and fully protonated proteins in the range of 40–140 kDa. As a key step, ultracentrifugation produces a highly concentrated, gel-like state, resembling a dense phase in spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By means of three examples, a Sulfolobus acidocaldarius bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein (SulfETF), tryptophan synthases from Salmonella typhimurium (StTS) and the dimeric β-subunits from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrpB), we show that such samples yield well-resolved proton-detected 2D and 3D NMR spectra at 100 kHz MAS without heterogeneous broadening, similar to diluted liquids. Herein, we provide practical guidance on centrifugation conditions and tools, sample behavior, and line widths expected. We demonstrate that the observed chemical shifts correspond to those obtained from μM/low mM solutions or crystalline samples, indicating structural integrity. Nitrogen line widths as low as 20–30 Hz are observed. The presented approach is advantageous for proteins or nucleic acids that cannot be deuterated due to the expression system used, or where relevant protons cannot be re-incorporated after expression in deuterated medium, and it circumvents crystallization. Importantly, it allows the use of low-glycerol buffers in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR of proteins as demonstrated with the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1.