Prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection for hospitalized cancer patients: a multicenter retrospective study
Mingzheng Cen, Guojun Jiang, Yuhua Zhao, Zhenwei Yu, Minxian Li
TL;DR
A study found that over 60% of hospitalized cancer patients in China were inappropriately prescribed elemene injection, a drug with limited clinical evidence.
Contribution
This multicenter study quantifies the high prevalence of inappropriate elemene injection use in hospitalized cancer patients in China.
Findings
61.8% of patients received elemene injection inappropriately, primarily due to incorrect indications and doses.
Age and oncological department were significant risk factors for inappropriate use.
Lung cancer, liver cancer, and cardiothoracic surgery admissions were associated with lower risk of inappropriate use.
Abstract
Background: Elemene injection could provide clinical benefit for the treatment of various cancers, but the clinical evidence is weak. Thus, its wide use in China has raised concerns about the appropriateness of its use. Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection for hospitalized cancer patients. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were retrospectively included, and demographic characteristics were extracted from the hospital information systems. The inappropriateness of elemene injection use was assessed using the preset criteria, and the prevalence was calculated. Multivariate logistic analysis was applied to identify any factors associated with inappropriate use. Results: A total of 275 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 62 years, and 30.9% were females. The most common cancer…
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FIGURE 1| Characteristic | Total |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62 (55–67) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 85 (30.9%) |
| Male | 190 (69.1%) |
| Diagnosis | |
| Lung cancer | 66 (24.0%) |
| Colorectal cancer | 35 (12.7%) |
| Gastric cancer | 30 (10.9%) |
| Liver cancer | 28 (10.2%) |
| Pancreatic cancer | 26 (9.45%) |
| Throat cancer | 23 (8.36%) |
| Esophageal cancer | 22 (8.00%) |
| Biliary tract cancer | 16 (5.82%) |
| Genital tract tumors | 10 (3.64%) |
| Other cancer | 19 (6.90%) |
| Department | |
| General surgery | 97 (35.3%) |
| Radiosurgery department | 83 (30.2%) |
| Oncology department | 58 (21.1%) |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 37 (13.5%) |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 7 (4–17) |
| Dosing regimen of Elemene | |
| Dose (mg) | 440 (264–528) |
| Duration of therapy (days) | 3 (2–5) |
| Combined treatment | |
| Chemotherapy | 199 (68.2%) |
| Radiotherapy | 28 (9.58%)) |
| Surgery | 21 (6.84%) |
| Immunotherapy | 15 (5.45%) |
| No treatment | 45 (15.4%) |
| Variable | Appropriate (n = 105) | Inappropriate (n = 170) |
|
| OR‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58 (51–65) | 63 (56–67) | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.96 (0.93–1) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 23 (21.9) | 62 (36.47) | 0.011 | 0.224 | |
| Male | 82 (78.1) | 108 (63.53) | - | ||
| Diagnosis* | |||||
| Lung cancer | 44 (41.9) | 22 (12.94) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 4.71 (1.91–11.58) |
| Gastric cancer | 12 (11.43) | 18 (10.59) | 0.828 | ||
| Liver caner | 22 (20.95) | 6 (3.53) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 12.02 (4.31–33.55) |
| Throat cancer | 13 (12.38) | 10 (5.88) | 0.064 | ||
| Esophageal cancer | 12 (11.43) | 10 (5.88) | 0.105 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | 0 | 35 (20.6) | - | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 0 | 26 (15.3) | - | ||
| Biliary tract cancer | 0 | 16 (9.41) | - | ||
| Genital tract cancer | 0 | 10 (5.88) | - | ||
| Other | 2 (1.90) | 17 (10.0) | - | ||
| Department | |||||
| General surgery | 33 (31.43) | 64 (37.65) | 0.295 | ||
| Radiosurgery department | 34 (32.38) | 49 (28.82) | 0.533 | ||
| Oncology department | 3 (2.86) | 55 (32.35) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.12 (0.03–0.43) |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 35 (33.33) | 2 (1.18) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 29.37 (6.24–138.18) |
| Length of stay (days) | 6 (4–10) | 10 (4–24) | <0.001 | 0.188 | |
| Duration of therapy (days) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–6) | 0.055 | ||
| Combined treatment | |||||
| Chemotherapy | 85 (80.95) | 114 (67.06) | 0.017 | 0.976 | |
| Radiotherapy | 6 (5.71) | 22 (12.94) | 0.061 | ||
| Surgery | 9 (8.57) | 12 (7.06) | 0.647 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 12 (11.43) | 3 (1.76) | 0.008 | 0.004 | 6.94 (1.67–28.84) |
| No combined treatment | 10 (9.52) | 35 (20.59) | 0.019 | 0.879 |
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TopicsBerberine and alkaloids research · Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms · Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
Introduction
Despite promising advances in cancer treatment in recent years, many challenges remain, such as drug resistance, metastasis, and severe adverse events associated with anticancer drugs (Ramos-Casals et al., 2020; Bagchi et al., 2021). People have tried to find new strategies to treat ethnodrugs, especially traditional Chinese medicines (Su et al., 2020). Elemene is the major active ingredient extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin (Zhai et al., 2019). Its formulations, including oral emulsion and injection, were approved by the CFDA for the treatment of various cancers approximately 20 years ago (Bai et al., 2021). Elemene injection yields three isomers (δ, α, β), and β-elemene (1-methyl-1-vinyl-2,4-diisopropenyl-cyclohexane) is the predominant component. It has shown various antitumor effects in preclinical studies. Elemene can directly inhibit the proliferation and growth of various tumor cells; for example, it inhibits human cervical cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the mechanism may be associated with the upregulation of P15 expression and the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression (Wang et al., 2018). A previous study also confirmed that elemene could induce apoptosis and exhibit antitumor effects (Liu et al., 2017). Other effects involved in the antitumor effect of elemene include the inhibition of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, reversal of multidrug resistance, enhancement of chemoradiotherapy sensitization, activation of protective autophagy, and regulation of the immune system (Xu et al., 2018; Qureshi et al., 2019; Tong et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2021; Tan et al., 2021). Many meta-analyses have also confirmed the benefit of elemene as a combined therapy or adjuvant therapy for the treatment of cancers (Wang et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). However, most of the included clinical studies were of low quality, and a recent umbrella review concluded that the benefits of elemene injection need to be proven by additional convincing trials. Moreover, no other regulatory agencies, such as the FDA or EMA, have approved the clinical use of elemene. Thus, we believe that the clinical evidence for elemene injection is weak, the benefits are uncertain, and elemene injection should be administered only to specific patients.
The use of complementary medicine, including elemene injection, is common in cancer patients and results in a substantial economic burden (Nie et al., 2023). This has raised concerns about the appropriateness of elemene use. Inappropriate use of drugs occasionally leads to the absence of clinical effects, but in most circumstances, adverse effects can occur, causing aggravation of the illness, additional diagnostic testing, and increased costs for the patient and health welfare system (Galimberti et al., 2022). Potential inappropriate drug use was significantly associated with a range of health-related and system-related outcomes (Mekonnen et al., 2021). The appropriateness of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and some other drugs was assessed from different perspectives, and the results were unsatisfactory to various degrees (Khatter et al., 2021; Ardoino et al., 2022; Butler et al., 2022). Currently, there are few data regarding the appropriateness of elemene injection. These data are important for the improved application and management of elemene injection. We subsequently carried out this multicenter retrospective study to determine the prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection use in hospitalized patients with cancer.
Materials and methods
Study design and ethical approval
This was a multicenter retrospective study in which the prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection was evaluated in hospitalized cancer patients. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, with reference number 2023-0293. Informed consent was waived as part of the approval due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Patient inclusion criteria
Patients were retrospectively searched in the hospital information system according to the following criteria: 1) had a diagnosis of cancer; 2) were admitted to Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University or Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; 3) were hospitalized from January 2021 to December 2021; and 4) received elemene injection treatment. The researchers reviewed the medical history, checked the eligibility of the patients and included eligible patients.
Data collection
The following data were extracted from the hospital information system and medical history: age, sex, diagnosis, admission department, days of hospital stay, dose regimen of elemene injection, and combined therapy.
Assessment of inappropriateness
The criteria for the inappropriateness of elemene injection use were set according to the drug label and clinical evidence. The detailed criteria were as follows: 1) Indication. The indications for elemene injection were limited to lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, brain cancer, metastatic tumors of bone, gastric cancer, malignant pleural effusion and ascites. It would be inappropriate to use elemene for the treatment of other types of cancer. 2) Dosage and administration. Elemene injection should be administered intravenously at a dose of 352–528 mg every day. A dose that is not in the range is treated as inappropriate. For the treatment of malignant pleural effusion and ascites, these agents should be injected locally. The treatment duration should be no more than 21 days. 3) Contradiction. Patients with high fever or uncontrolled infection should not receive elemene. It is inappropriate to prescribe elemene injection to these patients. 4) Special patients. Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding should be carefully evaluated for the risk and benefit of elemene use. 5) Caution. Patients with thrombocytopenia or bleeding risk should be carefully evaluated for the benefit and risk of elemene use. If no information about the evaluation was found in the patient’s medical history, it was considered inappropriate. The inappropriateness of each patient was assessed according to the inappropriateness criteria and personal medical history. If any criteria were met, it would be concluded that the elemene use in that patient was inappropriate.
Statistical analysis
The overall prevalence of inappropriateness was calculated as the percentage of patients who did not fully meet the appropriate criteria for elemene injection. The patients were subsequently divided into two groups according to the appropriateness of the treatment. Univariate logistic analysis was performed first to test the difference in patient characteristics between groups, and any variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were subjected to stepwise multivariate logistic analysis, which eliminated any variables with a p-value larger than 0.05 step by step. The remaining variables in the multivariate logistic analysis were found to be independent factors associated with the appropriate use of elemene. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.
Results
Patient inclusion
A total of 275 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The patient demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. Most of the patients were old. Various cancers were included, while most common was lung cancer. Elemene injection was combined with chemotherapy in the majority of patients. Notably, the median treatment length was 3 days.
TABLE 1: Demographic characteristics of the included patients.
<table><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (55–67)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (30.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (69.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diagnosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 (24.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (12.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (10.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (10.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pancreatic cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (9.45%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Throat cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (8.36%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esophageal cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (8.00%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biliary tract cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (5.82%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genital tract tumors</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (3.64%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (6.90%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (35.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radiosurgery department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (30.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oncology department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (21.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiothoracic surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (13.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Length of hospital stay (days)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (4–17)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosing regimen of Elemene</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dose (mg)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440 (264–528)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of therapy (days)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2–5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combined treatment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">199 (68.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radiotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (9.58%))</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (6.84%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (5.45%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No treatment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (15.4%)</td></tr></tbody></table>Prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection use
As shown in Figure 1, the overall prevalence of inappropriate elemene injection use was 61.8%. The most common cause of inappropriate use is inappropriate indications. Many types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, have not been approved for treatment, and it is inappropriate to use elemene in these patients. The personal characteristics of appropriate use and inappropriate use are shown in Table 2. According to the results of the multivariate analysis, age and oncological department status were significant risk factors associated with inappropriate use, while lung cancer, liver cancer and admission to a cardiothoracic surgery were associated with a low risk of inappropriate use.
Overall prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection use in hospitalized patients with cancer. Appropriate indication means elemene injection can only be used for approved types of cancers, which are limited to lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, brain cancer, metastatic tumors of bone, gastric cancer, malignant pleural effusion and ascites. Appropriate dose means elemene injection is administered intravenously at a dose of 352–528 mg every day. Caution ignored means elemene injection were used to patient with risk without evaluation. Patients with thrombocytopenia or bleeding risk should be carefully evaluated for the benefit and risk of elemene use.
TABLE 2: Demographics of the patients in each group and logistic regression analysis.
<table><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Appropriate (n = 105)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inappropriate (n = 170)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>p</italic>-Value<sup>†</sup> </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>p</italic>-Value<sup>‡</sup> </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR<sup>‡</sup> </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (51–65)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (56–67)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96 (0.93–1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (21.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (36.47)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.224</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (78.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 (63.53)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diagnosis*</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (41.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (12.94)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.71 (1.91–11.58)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (11.43)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (10.59)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.828</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver caner</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (20.95)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (3.53)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.02 (4.31–33.55)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Throat cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (12.38)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.88)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esophageal cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (11.43)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.88)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.105</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (20.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pancreatic cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (15.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biliary tract cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (9.41)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genital tract cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.88)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.90)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (10.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (31.43)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (37.65)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.295</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radiosurgery department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (32.38)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (28.82)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.533</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oncology department</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.86)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (32.35)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 (0.03–0.43)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiothoracic surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (33.33)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.18)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.37 (6.24–138.18)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Length of stay (days)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4–10)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (4–24)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.188</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of therapy (days)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2–4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2–6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combined treatment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (80.95)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (67.06)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.976</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radiotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (5.71)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (12.94)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (8.57)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (7.06)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.647</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunotherapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (11.43)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.76)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.94 (1.67–28.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No combined treatment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (9.52)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (20.59)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.879</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"/></tr></tbody></table>Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection in hospitalized cancer patients. Surprisingly, the overall inappropriateness rate was high. Only 38.2% of the patients received elemene injection appropriately, and the main reason for inappropriate use was inappropriate indications. Our results highlight the need to pay attention to the rational use of elemene injection, and efforts should be made to reduce inappropriate use.
The prevalence of inappropriateness was higher than expected. This raised concerns about its rational use, as well as other complementary medicines. Although the outcome of inappropriate use of elemene injection was not evaluated in this study, previous studies had proved that inappropriate medicine use in cancer patients always associated with high risk of adverse effects and unfavorite outcome of therapy (Krečak et al., 2023; Mohamed et al., 2023). The reason for the prevalent inappropriate use of elemene injection might be as follows. First, physicians do not always care about the indications for complementary medicine, including elemene injection. Although elemene has various antitumor effects, its approved indications are limited. Physicians should be informed that elemene is not suitable for all types of cancer. Second, similar to other medicines, marketing efforts can increase the unnecessary use of elemene injection and increase the overall prevalence of inappropriateness (Yu et al., 2020). The healthcare system should also be aware of this effect. Finally, patients in East Asia have expectations for complementary medicine and would like to receive these medicines voluntarily (Sun et al., 2018).
The main cause of inappropriateness was inappropriate indication, and colorectal cancer was the most common nonindication use of elemene. The effect of elemene on colorectal cancer has been supported by preclinical studies, but clinical evidence for this cancer is rare (Chen et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). It is unclear whether patients with colorectal cancer could benefit from elemene treatment. Other nonindication uses of elemene, such as in pancreatic carcinoma and biliary tract cancer, have only been investigated in in vitro studies (Long et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2022). These findings indicated that efforts to reduce elemene use in patients without suitable indications should be made preferentially. Other reasons for inappropriateness were the inappropriate dose and administration to cautious patients without evaluation. Patients sometimes receive elemene at a dose lower than suggested, and this should be avoided because no evidence is available. Despite the good safety of elemene in the treatment of cancers, it can also cause severe adverse effects (Gao et al., 2018). Adverse effects more easily occur in patients under physio-pathological conditions. Patients with thrombocytopenia should be carefully evaluated when dosing elemene. Unfortunately, it is overlooked in clinical practice according to the results of our study.
The appropriateness of these treatments is significantly greater in patients with lung cancer and liver cancer. This may be associated with additional experience using elemene injection for treating these cancers. As mentioned above, lung cancer and liver cancer are approved indications of elemene injection. Numerous clinical studies have been carried out to assess the efficacy of elemene in treating lung cancer and liver cancer in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy (Jiang et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2022). The appropriateness of elemene use differed greatly among departments. Interestingly, admission to the oncological department was associated with a high risk of inappropriate use, but admission to the cardiothoracic surgery department was associated with a low risk of inappropriate use. Physicians in the oncology department specialize in cancer treatment, but they fail to appropriately use elemene injection. The reason for better appropriateness of surgery in the cardiothoracic surgery department is that lung cancer, the most common indication for elemene injection, is the main cancer type in this department.
Notably, older age is an independent risk factor for inappropriate use of elemene injection. Thus, more attention should be given to these patients, as older patients more easily develop adverse drug events, especially when inappropriate drugs are used (Yao et al., 2019).
This study has several limitations. The included centers were limited. The effect of the appropriateness of elemene use on clinical outcome was not investigated in the present study. Moreover, bias may exist due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Conclusion
This study assessed the prevalence of inappropriateness of elemene injection use in hospitalized patients with cancer. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of inappropriateness was as high as 61.8%. The main reason for inappropriateness was inappropriate indications. Moreover, several independent factors associated with inappropriate use were identified. This study raised the concern of the inappropriateness of elemene injection, as well as other complementary medicines. More efforts should be made to understand the status and improve the appropriate use of elemene injection. Physicians should make carefully evaluation and follow the guidance of inserts when prescribing drugs with limited clinical evidence, such as elemene injection, to avoid inappropriate use.
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