# The Effects of the Fraction Isolated from Iranian Buthotus shach Scorpion Venom on Synaptic Plasticity, Learning, Memory, and Seizure Susceptibility

## TL;DR

This study examines the effects of a fraction from Iranian scorpion venom on seizures and brain functions like learning and memory in rats.

## Contribution

The study identifies a specific venom fraction (F3) with antiepileptic properties and distinct effects on synaptic plasticity.

## Key findings

- F3 fraction delayed and prevented advanced seizure stages compared to carbamazepine.
- F3 increased PS amplitude and fEPSP slope, indicating enhanced synaptic plasticity.
- F3 did not improve memory or learning, suggesting separate mechanisms for seizure and cognitive effects.

## Abstract

Epilepsy, as a neurological disease, can be defined as frequent seizure attacks. Further, it affects many other aspects of patients’ mental activities, such as learning and memory. Scorpion venoms have gained notice as compounds with potential antiepileptic properties. Among them, Buthotus schach (BS) is one of the Iranian scorpions studied by Aboutorabi et al., who fractionated, characterized, and tested this compound using electrophysiological techniques in brain slices (patch-clamp recording). In the present study, the fraction obtained from gel electrophoresis was investigated through behavioral and electrophysiological assays. At first, ventricular cannulation was performed in rats, and then the active fraction (i.e., F3), carbamazepine, and the vehicle were microinjected into the brain before seizure induction by the subcutaneous (SC) injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Seizure behaviors were scaled according to Racine stages. Memory and learning were evaluated using the Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Other groups entered evoked field potential recording after microinjection and seizure induction. Population spike (PS) and field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) were measured. The F3 fraction could prevent the fifth stage and postpone the third stage of seizure compared to the control (carbamazepine) group. There was no significant improvement in memory and learning in the group treated with the F3 fraction. Also, PS amplitude and fEPSP slope increased significantly, and long-term potentiation was successfully formed after the high-frequency stimulation of the performant pathway. Our results support the antiepileptic effects of the F3 fraction of BS venom, evidenced by behavioral and electrophysiological studies. However, the effects of this fraction on memory and learning were not in the same direction, suggesting the involvement of two different pathways.