# The Effectiveness of Different Teaching Modalities for the Detection of Heart Murmurs in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Review

## TL;DR

This review compares teaching methods for detecting heart murmurs in medical students, focusing on stethoscopes and point-of-care ultrasound.

## Contribution

The paper synthesizes literature on teaching modalities for heart murmur detection and highlights gaps in POCUS effectiveness.

## Key findings

- Stethoscope-based teaching has limitations, including poor long-term retention.
- POCUS integration faces challenges like cost and curriculum reorganization.
- There are notable gaps in evidence regarding POCUS efficacy for murmur detection.

## Abstract

One of the many physical exam skills introduced to medical students during their pre-clerkship education is cardiac auscultation, one purpose of which is to teach the detection and identification of heart murmurs. Cardiac auscultation with a stethoscope has been the standard method of teaching. Another method, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), has been recently introduced as another modality by which students learn to detect and identify murmurs. The emerging popularity of POCUS in undergraduate medical curricula has led many institutions to include it in their curricula; however, doing so is challenging. Not only is cost a major factor, but reorganizing curricula to allow sufficient time for POCUS training has proven to be difficult. Additionally, the presence of notable gaps in the literature regarding the efficacy of POCUS for teaching the detection and identification of heart murmur has increased scrutiny of its value. Studies that assessed teaching cardiac auscultation to medical students in their pre-clinical years via stethoscope have used different teaching methods. However, evaluation of these studies identified numerous limitations, one being little long-term retention of cardiac auscultation knowledge. Furthermore, several barriers to integration of POCUS in undergraduate medical education were identified. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature comparing the effectiveness of these different tools of a cardiac exam for detection of heart murmurs in undergraduate medical education and identify gaps in literature requiring future exploration.