# Factors Contributing to Negative Outcomes Associated with Medications and Drug-Related Problems in Kidney Replacement Therapy—A Hospital-Based Prospective Observational Study

## TL;DR

This study examines the frequency and causes of medication-related issues in kidney replacement therapy patients, finding a high number of problems per patient.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific factors contributing to medication-related problems in kidney replacement therapy patients using a hospital-based observational approach.

## Key findings

- Each KRT patient had an average of 20.82 negative medication outcomes and 28.23 drug-related problems.
- Untreated conditions and wrong dosing were the most common issues identified in the study.
- Anemia and vitamin D deficiency were linked to specific types of medication problems.

## Abstract

Background: Negative outcomes associated with medications (NOM) and drug-related problems (DRP) significantly impact individuals with kidney replacement therapy (KRT) given the complexities of managing kidney disease and associated comorbidities. The present study aims to assess the frequency of NOMs/DRPs among KRT patients and identify contributing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital (Granada, Spain), involving 117 outpatient adults with KRT. Data were collected from February 2021 to July 2023 using electronic records, semi-structured interviews (Dáder Method), and discussions with nephrology specialists. NOMs/DRPs were identified following treatment guidelines. Binary logistic regression was used to determine associated factors (p-value < 0.05). Results: Across 117 patients, 2436 NOMs and 3303 DRPs were identified, averaging 20.82 NOMs and 28.23 DRPs per patient. Prevalent NOMs included untreated conditions (58.95%), quantitative ineffectiveness (35.43%), and non-quantitative safety problems (5.13%). Dominant DRPs were undertreated conditions (37.63%), wrong dose/posology/length (33.00%), risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR) (16.14%), and non-adherence (6.87%). Patients with ADR, undertreated conditions, and anemia were associated with quantitative ineffectiveness. Risk of ADR and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency correlated with non-quantitative safety problems. Conclusions: KRT patients exhibited a substantial prevalence of NOMs/DRPs. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of these complexities for improved patient care.