# Evaluating the Influence of Musical and Monetary Rewards on Decision Making through Computational Modelling

## TL;DR

This study explores how musical and monetary rewards influence decision-making, finding that both types of rewards lead to similar learning patterns, but with individual differences based on musical preferences.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach to modeling decision-making under musical and monetary rewards using Bayesian computational methods.

## Key findings

- Participants showed similar learning adaptability under both musical and monetary reward conditions.
- Individuals more tolerant of dissonance behaved stochastically and had higher volatility estimates.
- Dissonance-averse participants exhibited increased tonic volatility and larger belief updates.

## Abstract

A central question in behavioural neuroscience is how different rewards modulate learning. While the role of monetary rewards is well-studied in decision-making research, the influence of abstract rewards like music remains poorly understood. This study investigated the dissociable effects of these two reward types on decision making. Forty participants completed two decision-making tasks, each characterised by probabilistic associations between stimuli and rewards, with probabilities changing over time to reflect environmental volatility. In each task, choices were reinforced either by monetary outcomes (win/lose) or by the endings of musical melodies (consonant/dissonant). We applied the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter, a validated hierarchical Bayesian framework, to model learning under these two conditions. Bayesian statistics provided evidence for similar learning patterns across both reward types, suggesting individuals’ similar adaptability. However, within the musical task, individual preferences for consonance over dissonance explained some aspects of learning. Specifically, correlation analyses indicated that participants more tolerant of dissonance behaved more stochastically in their belief-to-response mappings and were less likely to choose the response associated with the current prediction for a consonant ending, driven by higher volatility estimates. By contrast, participants averse to dissonance showed increased tonic volatility, leading to larger updates in reward tendency beliefs.