# Infant Mortality Screening and Prevention Initiatives in Nepal

## TL;DR

This paper reviews Nepal's efforts to reduce infant mortality through various healthcare programs and highlights progress and remaining challenges.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of infant mortality prevention programs in Nepal and evaluates their effectiveness.

## Key findings

- Nepal reduced under-five mortality from 138.8 to 28.2 deaths per 1,000 live births between 1990 and 2020.
- Community-based programs like CB-IMCI and BPP have shown effectiveness in improving infant health outcomes.
- Some programs, like ENAP, lack sufficient data to assess their impact.

## Abstract

Infant mortality is one of the leading public health crises in Nepal. While Nepal has made significant advances in mitigating under-five mortality, much work is still needed to be done regarding the healthcare of infants. The Nepalese government has identified this as a problem and has introduced a series of interventions to improve the health outcomes of infants. The aim of this review is to identify the goals, interventions, and effectiveness of major infant mortality prevention programs around the country. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. The literature search revealed six programs that Nepal has utilized to combat infant mortality.

The Community Based Management of Childhood Illness (CB-IMCI) program utilizes specially trained community workers to help identify and treat children with common childhood illnesses. The National Neonatal Health Strategy (NNHS) links families to the community and then to the broader healthcare system, with success found in its referral system. The Safe Delivery Incentives Program (SDIP) has found success with monetizing safe delivery practices, and shown an increase in safe deliveries with skilled healthcare workers present. Free Newborn Care (FNC) services were aimed at treating sick newborns for free, but ongoing concerns for program sustainability have led to further revision. The Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) is another plan aimed at preventing newborn deaths through improving health system administration and finances, but with limited efficacy data, it is hard to determine its success due to the lack of objective benchmark markers and data collected. Finally, the Birth Preparedness Package (BPP) is a highly efficacious program that encourages communities to plan for pregnancies by planning for delay barriers. Nepal has made significant strides in reducing infant mortality; however, much work still needs to be done. From 1990 to 2020, Nepal has reduced the under-five mortality rate from 138.8 deaths per 1,000 live births to 28.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.