# Rapid protection against viral infections by chemokine-accelerated post-exposure vaccination

## TL;DR

This study shows that combining two adjuvants in post-exposure vaccination can speed up immune response and help clear viral infections faster.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel adjuvant combination that synergistically accelerates CTL activation for rapid post-exposure protection.

## Key findings

- Combining TLR and NKT cell activators induced faster CTL differentiation and higher protective CTL numbers.
- Signal 0-optimized vaccination accelerated clearance of adenovirus and cytomegalovirus in mouse models.
- The approach could be valuable for post-exposure vaccination during viral outbreaks.

## Abstract

Prophylactic vaccines generate strong and durable immunity to avoid future infections, whereas post-exposure vaccinations are intended to establish rapid protection against already ongoing infections. Antiviral cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) are activated by dendritic cells (DCs), which themselves must be activated by adjuvants to express costimulatory molecules and so-called signal 0-chemokines that attract naive CTL to the DCs.

Here we asked whether a vaccination protocol that combines two adjuvants, a toll-like receptor ligand (TLR) and a natural killer T cell activator, to induce two signal 0 chemokines, synergistically accelerates CTL activation.

We used a well-characterized vaccination model based on the model antigen ovalbumin, the TLR9 ligand CpG and the NKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide to induce signal 0-chemokines. Exploiting this vaccination model, we studied detailed T cell kinetics and T cell profiling in different in vivo mouse models of viral infection.

We found that CTL induced by both adjuvants obtained a head-start that allowed them to functionally differentiate further and generate higher numbers of protective CTL 1-2 days earlier. Such signal 0-optimized post-exposure vaccination hastened clearance of experimental adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infections.

Our findings show that signal 0 chemokine-inducing adjuvant combinations gain time in the race against rapidly replicating microbes, which may be especially useful in post-exposure vaccination settings during viral epi/pandemics.