# Unraveling the Mechanism of Cork Spot-like Physiological Disorders in ‘Kurenainoyume’ Apples Based on Occurrence Location

## TL;DR

This study investigates the cause of a new apple disorder called cork spot-like physiological disorder in 'Kurenainoyume' apples, linking it to water stress and lenticel openings.

## Contribution

The study identifies a potential mechanism for CSPD formation involving lenticel openness, vascular bundle tips, and water stress.

## Key findings

- Fruit-bagging reduced CSPD occurrence by limiting lenticel opening and water loss.
- CSPD spots develop at vascular bundle tips and are associated with thin cuticles and large cell areas.
- Water stress is suggested as a key factor in CSPD initiation.

## Abstract

Cork spot-like physiological disorder (CSPD) is a newly identified issue in ‘Kurenainoyume’ apples, yet its mechanism remains unclear. To investigate CSPD, we conducted morphological observations on ‘Kurenainoyume’ apples with and without pre-harvest fruit-bagging treatment using light-impermeable paper bags. Non-bagged fruit developed CSPD in mid-August, while no CSPD symptoms were observed in bagged fruit. The bagging treatment significantly reduced the proportion of opened lenticels, with only 17.9% in bagged fruit compared to 52.0% in non-bagged fruits. In non-bagged fruit, CSPD spots tended to increase from the lenticels, growing in size during fruit development. The cuticular thickness and cross-sectional area of fresh cells in CSPD spots were approximately 16 µm and 1600 µm², respectively. Healthy non-bagged fruit reached these values around 100 to 115 days after full bloom from mid- to late August. Microscopic and computerized tomography scanning observations revealed that many CSPD spots developed at the tips of vascular bundles. Therefore, CSPD initiation between opened lenticels and vascular bundle tips may be influenced by water stress, which is potentially caused by water loss, leading to cell death and the formation of CSPD spots.