# Beneficial Impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on the Adverse Effects Induced by Palmitate and Hyperglycemia on Healthy Rat Chondrocyte

## TL;DR

This study shows that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can reduce the harmful effects of high fat and sugar on cartilage cells, which may help prevent osteoarthritis.

## Contribution

The study reveals that EPA mitigates the combined effects of palmitate and hyperglycemia on chondrocytes, mediated partly by FFAR4 and FFAR1.

## Key findings

- PA increases MMP-3, MMP-13, COX-2, and mPGES expression, promoting cartilage degradation and inflammation.
- EPA significantly reduces PA- and glucose-induced inflammation and MMP-13 expression in chondrocytes.
- FFAR4 and FFAR1 activation partially mediates the protective effects of EPA against metabolic stress.

## Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and a major cause of pain and disability. The pathology of OA involves the whole joint in an inflammatory and degenerative process, especially in articular cartilage. OA may be divided into distinguishable phenotypes including one associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia have been individually linked to OA. Since their combined role in OA pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, we investigated the chondrocyte response to these metabolic stresses, and determined whether a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may preserve chondrocyte functions. Rat chondrocytes were cultured with palmitic acid (PA) and/or EPA in normal or high glucose conditions. The expression of genes encoding proteins found in cartilage matrix (type 2 collagen and aggrecan) or involved in degenerative (metalloproteinases, MMPs) or in inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase, mPGES) processes was analyzed by qPCR. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release was also evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our data indicated that PA dose-dependently up-regulated the mRNA expression of MMP-3 and -13. PA also induced the expression of COX-2 and mPGES and promoted the synthesis of PGE2. Glucose at high concentrations further increased the chondrocyte response to PA. Interestingly, EPA suppressed the inflammatory effects of PA and glucose, and strongly reduced MMP-13 expression. Among the free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), FFAR4 partly mediated the EPA effects and the activation of FFAR1 markedly reduced the inflammatory effects of PA in high glucose conditions. Our findings demonstrate that dyslipidemia associated with hyperglycemia may contribute to OA pathogenesis and explains why an excess of saturated fatty acids and a low level in n-3 PUFAs may disrupt cartilage homeostasis.