# Temporal development and potential interactions between the gut microbiome and resistome in early childhood

## TL;DR

This study explores how early antibiotic use affects the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes in children, showing that antibiotics disrupt both but more severely impact resistance genes.

## Contribution

The study reveals how early antibiotic exposure alters the gut resistome more than the microbiome and identifies key microbial influences on resistance gene dynamics.

## Key findings

- Antibiotic treatment destabilizes the gut microbiome and resistome, with a stronger effect on the resistome.
- Early antibiotic exposure increases opportunistic pathogens with multidrug resistance genes.
- Core microbes influence the composition of the gut resistome at different developmental stages.

## Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance-associated infections have become a major threat to global health. The gut microbiome serves as a major reservoir of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes; whereas, the temporal development of gut resistome during early childhood and the factors influencing it remain unclear. Moreover, the potential interactions between gut microbiome and resistome still need to be further explored. In this study, we found that antibiotic treatment led to destabilization of the gut microbiome and resistome structural communities, exhibiting a greater impact on the resistome than on the microbiome. The composition of the gut resistome at various developmental stages was influenced by the abundance and richness of different core microbes. First exposure to antibiotics led to a dramatic increase in the number of opportunistic pathogens carrying multidrug efflux pump encoding genes. Multiple factors could influence the gut microbiome and resistome formation. The data may provide new insights into early-life research.

In recent years, the irrational or inappropriate use of antibiotics, an important life-saving medical intervention, has led to the emergence and increase of drug-resistant and even multidrug-resistant bacteria. It remains unclear how antibiotic exposure affects various developmental stages of early childhood and how gut core microbes under antibiotic exposure affect the structural composition of the gut resistome. In this study, we focused on early antibiotic exposure and analyzed these questions in detail using samples from infants at various developmental stages. The significance of our research is to elucidate the impact of early antibiotic exposure on the dynamic patterns of the gut resistome in children and to provide new insights for early-life studies.