Machine Learning Techniques for Astrophysics and Cosmology: Lyman-$\alpha$ forest

TL;DR

This paper reviews how machine-learning techniques have revolutionized the analysis of the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest, enabling more efficient and detailed cosmological insights from quasar spectra.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of ML applications in Lyman-$\alpha$ forest research, highlighting advancements in data analysis, simulation emulation, and field reconstruction.

Findings

ML improves characterization of absorption systems

ML accelerates hydrodynamical simulation emulation

ML enables 3D matter density reconstruction

Abstract

The Lyman-$\alpha$ forest refers to the series of absorption features observed in the spectra of distant quasars that are produced by neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium. Observed over a wide range of redshifts with both ground- and space-based facilities, the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest provides a powerful probe of numerous physical processes, including the thermal state of intergalactic gas, the timing and topology of cosmic reionization, the expansion history of the Universe, the growth of cosmic structure, massive neutrinos, and the nature of dark matter. This chapter reviews the transformative impact of machine-learning techniques on Lyman-$\alpha$ forest analyses, particularly in overcoming the computational and methodological limitations of traditional approaches. We discuss a broad range of machine-learning applications, including the automated characterization of individual absorption systems, improved reconstruction of the intrinsic quasar continuum, accelerated emulation of hydrodynamical simulations, and the development of simulation-based analyses, field-level inference methods, and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques for the underlying matter density field. As current and upcoming surveys continue to increase both the volume and precision of Lyman-$\alpha$ forest observations, ML-driven pipelines are becoming an essential component of next-generation astrophysical and cosmological analyses.