Milky Way Mapper decoded abundances -- II: From patterns to paths

TL;DR

This study re-projects stellar abundances into shared enrichment patterns to uncover the Milky Way disc's chemical evolution, revealing low-dimensional structures linked to spatial, temporal, and dynamical processes.

Contribution

It introduces a generative framework that identifies coherent enrichment pathways and low-dimensional chemical structures in the Milky Way disc.

Findings

Reveals a low-dimensional enrichment basis responding to global disc evolution drivers.

Identifies enrichment pathways correlated with age, height, and radial position.

Discovers a transition at ~6 Gyr to a more chemically mixed regime.

Abstract

The element abundances of Milky Way disc stars encode entangled imprints of multiple enrichment processes, making it difficult to uncover the underlying chemical evolution. Here we re-project 16 stellar abundances for 199,290 red giant stars ([Fe/H]$ > -1$) into a set of (4) shared enrichment patterns, providing a generative framework for learning the organising structure of the Milky Way disc. The relative contributions of these patterns vary systematically across the disc, revealing a low-dimensional enrichment basis that responds coherently to global drivers of disc evolution. By grouping stars according to their pattern contributions, we identify coherent enrichment pathways that exhibit strong chemo-spatial correlations and are stratified in both age and height above the plane, linking radial growth to vertical disc structure. Stars occupying similar positions along these enrichment pathways also show coherent vertical deviations across radius, indicating that the low-dimensional chemical structure captures the disc's response to dynamical perturbations. We identify a transition in enrichment behaviour at approximately 6 Gyr, marking the onset of a more chemically mixed regime with increasing contributions from delayed sources. Within this connected system, the observed $\alpha$-bimodality arises within a shared, low-dimensional abundance structure, with stars populating continuous sequences of changing enrichment fractions that are tightly coupled to spatial, temporal, and orbital coordinates across the Milky Way disc.