Intent-First Aerial V2V for Tactical Coordination and Separation: Protocol and Performance Under Density and Disturbance

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel intent-first V2V communication protocol for dense aerial operations, enhancing tactical coordination and separation amidst disturbances and high density.

Contribution

It presents the first controller-coupled characterization of an all-airborne, intent-first V2V exchange stack for dense UTM, integrating refreshed state beacons and event-triggered messages.

Findings

V2V reduces stale-belief divergence and improves observability.

The stack effectively rejects invalid messages and suppresses false inferences.

Performance degrades at higher densities, indicating bounded scalability.

Abstract

Dense low-altitude aerial operations require more than pre-flight route coordination and last-resort collision avoidance. Once aircraft are airborne, disturbances can emerge on timescales shorter than strategic reauthorization can absorb, while collision avoidance is too late and disruptive to serve as routine traffic management. Although tactical separation is recognized as the intermediate layer, realizing it at scale requires a deployable neighborhood communication mechanism that provides fresh, trusted information for local coordination. This paper presents what is, to our knowledge, the first controller-coupled characterization of an all-airborne, sidelink-class, intent-first vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) tactical neighborhood exchange stack for dense Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) operations. Unlike awareness-only broadcast, the proposed exchange combines refreshed state and intent beacons for local awareness, cooperative perception, and degraded-mode assessment with event-triggered messages for yielding, sequencing, release, and contingency coordination. We implement and evaluate this model on an all-airborne V2V stack using sidelink-class C-V2X modules with authenticated freshness checks. Evaluation uses a scenario-driven, high-volume stress campaign supported by real-time, field-anchored infrastructure. Results show that V2V reduces stale-belief divergence, preserves observability through cooperative perception, rejects invalid tactical messages, suppresses false local inference, and structures shared-resource coordination. The implemented stack provides a viable communication layer for tactical separation in lower-to-moderate regimes, but transitions toward guarded fallback as density, impairment, and complexity increase. These findings position intent-first aerial V2V as a bounded enabler for scaling tactical coordination in disturbance-driven urban airspace.