Polynomial hyperbolicity and products of free groups

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new notion of polynomial hyperbolicity for graphs via Lipschitz maps to hyperbolic spaces, linking subgroup structure to geometric properties in special groups.

Contribution

It defines $ ext{lin}$-polynomial hyperbolicity and proves it characterizes the absence of $ ext{F}_2 imes ext{F}_2$ subgroups in cocompact special groups, establishing a quasi-isometry invariant.

Findings

$ ext{lin}$-polynomial hyperbolicity excludes $ ext{F}_2 imes ext{F}_2$ subgroups.

Containing $ ext{F}_2 imes ext{F}_2$ is a quasi-isometry invariant.

The polynomial degree $ ext{lin}$ controls the complexity of coarse fibers.

Abstract

In this article, we define a locally finite graph $X$ as $\eta$-polynomially hyperbolic if there exists a Lipschitz map $\varphi : X \to Z$ to some hyperbolic space $Z$ satisfying the following condition: there exists $C \geq 0$ such that $$|B(p,R_1) \cap \varphi^{-1} (B(q,R_2))| \leq (C R_1)^{\eta(C R_2)} \text{ for all } p,q \in X, R_1,R_2 \geq 0.$$ The picture to keep in mind is that coarse fibres of $\varphi$ have polynomial growth with a degree coarsely controlled by $\eta$ as the thickness of the fibres grows. The map $\eta$ quantifies how brutal we have to be in order to turn $X$ into a hyperbolic space. Our main result is that, among cocompact special groups, being $\mathrm{lin}$-polynomially hyperbolic amounts not to contain $\mathbb{F}_2 \times \mathbb{F}_2$ as a subgroup. Consequently, containing $\mathbb{F}_2 \times \mathbb{F}_2$ as a subgroup turns out to be quasi-isometric invariant for cocompact special groups.