Computing Certificates in Archimedean Univariate Saturated Quadratic Modules

TL;DR

This paper introduces a symbolic algorithm for computing certificates that verify non-negative univariate polynomials belong to saturated quadratic modules, with an implementation demonstrating improved success over existing tools.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel symbolic algorithm for computing sums of squares certificates in univariate saturated quadratic modules, including an implementation and comparison with existing methods.

Findings

Successfully computes certificates where RealCertify fails

Provides a detailed case analysis for different generator types

Implementation in Maple demonstrates practical effectiveness

Abstract

A new symbolic algorithm to compute sums of squares multipliers (certificates) to witness the membership of non-negative univariate polynomials in a saturated univariate quadratic module is presented. Certificates are first computed in terms of natural generators introduced by Kuhlmann and Marshall for an Archimedean saturated quadratic module; natural generators can be easily read-off from a semialgebraic set. In the univariate case, an Archimedean quadratic module is also a preordering since it is closed under multiplication; certificates have different representations when a polynomial is viewed as a member in a quadratic module versus in a preordering An algorithm is given to compute certificates of natural generators in terms of the original generators; it uses a construction introduced by Kuhlmann, Marshall, and Schwartz known as the ``Basic Lemma'', which splits the non-negative factors of generators. To compute a quadratic module certificate, certificates of products of natural generators are computed using a detailed case analysis based on the types of natural generators. An implementation of the algorithms proposed in Maple is also discussed. The certificates obtained using this implementation are compared with those generated by RealCertify. We discuss examples where RealCertify is unable to find certificates while the proposed method is successful.